ANALOG IC AND ITS

APPLICATIONS
• Series op amp regulator
• IC voltage regulator
– Fixed voltage series regulator
– Boosting IC regulator output current
– Adjustable regulator
– IC 723 general purpose regulator
– Current limit protection
– Current fold back
– Current boosting
• SMPS
• IC555
– Functional block diagram
– Astable multivibrator
– Monostable multivibrator
– Schmitt trigger
 Voltage regulator

• Function
– It is to provide a stable dc voltage for powering
other electronic devices.
– A voltage regulator having the capable of
providing substantial output current .
• CLASSIFICATION
– Series regulator
– Switching regulator
 Series op amp regulator

• Four parts
– Reference voltage circuit
– Error amplifier
– Series pass transistor
– Feedback network
A regulated power supply
 IC voltage regulator

• Advantages
– Low cost
– High reliability
– Reduction in size
– Excellent performance
• Examples
– 78 XX series ,
– 79 XX series
– 723 general purpose regulators
Fixed voltage series regulator
• 78XX SERIES  positive fixed voltage regulators
– 5,6,8,12,15,18 and 24v.
– Example: 7805 , 7815
• 79XX SERIES negative voltage regulators
– 5,6,8,12,15,18 and 24v AND -2V and -5.2V
Adjustable regulator
• LM117 , LM217 , LM317positive regulators

• LM137 , LM237 , LM337negative regulators

• Possible to adjust the output voltage

– From 1.2V TO 40V
– Current upto 1.5Amps
IC 723 general purpose regulator
• Limitation of three terminal regulator
– No short circuit protection
– Output voltage is fixed
This can be overcome by IC 723 GENERAL
PURPOSE REGULATOR
IC 723 general purpose regulator
 IMPORTANT FEATURES
• Input voltage 40v max
• Output voltage adjustable from 2v to 37v
• 150 MA output current without external pass
transistor
• Output current is excess of 10A possible by
adding external transistors
• Can be used as either a linear or a switching
regulator.
Current limit protection
Current fold back
Current foldback (Partial schematic)
Current boosting
Current boosting
Switched More Power Supply
IC555
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 Monostable Multivibrator Using 555 Timer
• A Monostable Multivibrator (MMV) often called a one-shot
multivibrator, is a pulse generator circuit in which the
duration of the pulse is determined by the R-C network,
connected externally to the 555 timer.
• In such a vibrator, one state of output is stable while the other
is quasi-stable (unstable).
• For auto-triggering of output from quasi-stable state to stable
state energy is stored by an externally connected capaci­tor C
to a reference level.
• The time taken in storage determines the pulse width. The
transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable state is
accom­plished by external triggering.
• The schematic of a 555 timer in Monostable mode of
operation is shown in figure.
Continuous
 Monostable Multivibrator Circuit details
• Pin 1 is grounded. Trigger input is applied to pin 2. In
quiescent condition of output this input is kept at + VCC.
• To obtain transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable
state, a negative-going pulse of narrow width (a width smaller
than expected pulse width of output waveform) and
amplitude of greater than + 2/3 VCC is applied to pin 2.
• Output is taken from pin 3. Pin 4 is usually connected to +
VCC to avoid accidental reset.
• Pin 5 is grounded through a 0.01 u F capacitor to avoid noise
problem. Pin 6 (threshold) is shorted to pin 7.
• A resistor RA is connected between pins 6 and 8.
• At pins 7 a discharge capacitor is connected while pin 8 is
connected to supply VCC.
555 IC Monostable Multivibrator
Operation.
Continuous
• For explain­ing the operation of timer 555 as a Monostable
multivibrator, necessary in­ternal circuitry with external
connections are shown in figure.
• The operation of the circuit is ex­plained below:
• Initially, when the output at pin 3 is low i.e. the circuit is in a
stable state, the transistor is on and capacitor- C is shorted to
ground. When a negative pulse is applied to pin 2, the trigger
input falls below +1/3 VCC, the output of comparator goes high
which resets the flip-flop and consequently the transistor turns
off and the output at pin 3 goes high.
• This is the transition of the output from stable to quasi-stable
state, as shown in figure
Continuous
• As the discharge transistor is cut­off, the capacitor C begins
charging toward +VCC through resistance RA with a time
constant equal to RAC.
• When the increasing capacitor voltage becomes slightly
greater than +2/3 VCC, the output of comparator 1 goes high,
which sets the flip-flop.
• The transistor goes to saturation, thereby discharging the
capacitor C and the output of the timer goes low, as illustrated
in figure.
• Thus the output returns back to stable state from quasi-
stable state.
• The output of the Monostable Multivibrator remains low until
a trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats. Trigger
input, output voltage and capacitor voltage waveforms are
shown in figure.
 Astable Multivibrator
• Circuit and Operation
• Astable multivibrator is also called as Free Running
Multivibrator. It has no stable states and continuously switches
between the two states without application of any external
trigger.
• The IC 555 can be made to work as an astable multivibrator
with the addition of three external components: two resistors
(R1 and R2) and a capacitor (C).
• The schematic of the IC 555 as an astable multivibrator along
with the three external components is shown below.
Continuous
Continuous
• The pins 2 and 6 are connected and hence there is no need for an
external trigger pulse. It will self trigger and act as a free running
Multivibrator.
• The rest of the connections are as follows: pin 8 is connected to
supply voltage (VCC).
• Pin 3 is the output terminal and hence the output is available at this
pin.
• Pin 4 is the external reset pin. A momentary low on this pin will reset
the timer. Hence when not in use, pin 4 is usually tied to VCC.
• The control voltage applied at pin 5 will change the threshold voltage
level. But for normal use, pin 5 is connected to ground via a capacitor
(usually 0.01µF), so the external noise from the terminal is filtered
out. Pin 1 is ground terminal.
• The timing circuit that determines the width of the output pulse is
made up of R1, R2 and C.
 Operation
• The following schematic depicts the internal circuit of the IC
555 operating in astable mode. The RC timing circuit
incorporates R1, R2 and C.
Continuous
• Initially, on power-up, the flip-flop is RESET (and hence the
output of the timer is low). As a result, the discharge transistor
is driven to saturation (as it is connected to Q’).
• The capacitor C of the timing circuit is connected at Pin 7 of
the IC 555 and will discharge through the transistor. The
output of the timer at this point is low.
• The voltage across the capacitor is nothing but the trigger
voltage. So while discharging, if the capacitor voltage
becomes less than 1/3 VCC, which is the reference voltage to
trigger comparator (comparator 2), the output of the
comparator 2 will become high. This will SET the flip-flop
and hence the output of the timer at pin 3 goes to HIGH.
Continuous
• This high output will turn OFF the transistor. As a result, the
capacitor C starts charging through the resistors R1 and R2.
• Now, the capacitor voltage is same as the threshold voltage (as
pin 6 is connected to the capacitor resistor junction).
• While charging, the capacitor voltage increases exponentially
towards VCC and the moment it crosses 2/3 VCC, which is the
reference voltage to threshold comparator (comparator 1), its
output becomes high.
• As a result, the flip-flop is RESET. The output of the timer falls
to LOW. This low output will once again turn on the transistor
which provides a discharge path to the capacitor.
• Hence the capacitor C will discharge through the resistor R2.
And hence the cycle continues.
Continuous

• Thus, when the capacitor is charging, the voltage across the

capacitor rises exponentially and the output voltage at pin 3 is
high.
• Similarly, when the capacitor is discharging, the voltage across
the capacitor falls exponentially and the output voltage at pin 3
is low.
• The shape of the output waveform is a train of rectangular
pulses. The waveforms of capacitor voltage and the output in
the Astable mode are shown below.
Continuous
Continuous

• While charging, the capacitor charges through the resistors R1

and R2. Therefore the charging time constant is (R1 + R2) C
as the total resistance in the charging path is R1 + R2.
• While discharging, the capacitor discharges through the
resistor R2 only.
• Hence the discharge time constant is R2C.
 Schmitt Trigger

• The high and low transitions on the inputs of most of the

CMOS devices should be fast edges.
• If the edges are not fast enough, they tend to provide more
current and this might damage the device.
• Analog signals are generally not perfect and might not have
clean edges all the times.
• Schmitt Trigger is a special type of comparator that is used to
avoid such signals.
• A comparator is a device that compares two voltages and the
outcome is the indication of whether one voltage is higher than
the other or not.
Continuous
• Schmitt trigger, also called as Regenerative Comparator, compares
the input voltage to two reference voltages and produces an
equivalent output.
• The output of a Schmitt trigger is always a square or rectangular
wave irrespective of the shape of the input.
• It is often used when we need to do the following:
• Convert sine wave to square wave
• To clean up the noisy signals
• To convert slow edges (like in a triangular wave) into fast edges (like
a square wave)
• Schmitt can be constructed from a 555 timer. Some of the other
function of the 555 timer, apart from the timer operation, is to use the
two internal comparators as independent units to form a Schmitt
Trigger.
• The general operation of the Schmitt trigger built from a 555 timer is
inverting but the discussion will be for non-inverting.
 Circuit of 555 timer as Schmitt Trigger
• The following circuit shows the structure of a 555 timer used
as a Schmitt trigger.
Continuous
• Pins 4 and 8 are connected to the supply (VCC). The pins 2 and 6
are tied together and the input is given to this common point
through a capacitor C.
• This common point is supplied with an external bias voltage of
VCC / 2 with the help of the voltage divider circuit formed by the
resistors R1 and R2.
• The important characteristic of the Schmitt trigger is Hysteresis.
• The output of the Schmitt trigger is high if the input voltage is
greater than the upper threshold value and the output of the Schmitt
trigger is low if the input voltage is lower than the lower threshold
value.
• The output retains its value when the input is between the two
threshold values.
• The usage of two threshold values is called Hysteresis and the
Schmitt trigger acts as a memory element (a bistable multivibrator
or a flip-flop).
Continuous
• The threshold values in this case are 2/3 VCC and 1/3 VCC
i.e. the upper comparator trips at 2/3 VCC and the lower
comparator trips at 1/3 VCC.
• The input voltage is compared to these threshold values by the
individual comparators and the flip-flop is SET or RESET
accordingly. Based on this the output becomes high or low.
• When a sine wave of amplitude greater than VCC / 6 is
applied at the input, the flip-flop is set and reset alternately for
the positive cycle and the negative cycle.
• The output is a square wave and the waveforms for input sine
wave and output square wave are shown below.
Continuous
 Inverting Schmitt Trigger

• The normal operation of the 555 timer as a Schmitt trigger is

inverting in nature.
• When the trigger input, which is same as the external input,
falls below the threshold value of 1/3 VCC, the output of the
lower comparator goes high and the flip-flop is SET and the
output at pin 3 goes high.
• Similarly, when the threshold input, which is same as the
external input, rises above the threshold value of 2/3 VCC, the
output of the upper comparator goes high and the flip-flop is
RESET and the output at pin 3 goes low.
• The waveform of the inverting Schmitt trigger is shown below.
Continuous