11th grade

The Differentiation Rules and

Examples Involving Algebraic,
Exponential, and Trigonometric
Functions
Derivatives
 The derivative of the function may be expressed as

Prime notation (Lagrange notation) Leibniz notation

𝑓’(𝑥) “𝑓 prime of 𝑥 ” 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥

y’ “ y prime ” “the derivative of y

with respect to 𝑥”

Some symbols may include other variables such as

, , , , ,ds, du, dv, dh, dz, etc.
Derivatives
The process of finding derivatives is called
differentiation.
A function is differentiable at a point if its
derivative exists at that point.

The Derivative is…

● computed by finding the limit of the difference
quotient as ∆x approaches 0.
● the slope of a function at a point.
● the slope of the tangent line to a graph f (x), and is
usually denoted f’(x).
● the instantaneous rate of change of a function.
DERIVATIVES OF Radical FunALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS-
(Polynomial, Rational and ctions)
RULE 1: The Derivative of a Constant
– Constant Rule

A constant function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined Example 1. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 5 .

by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 or 𝑦 = 𝑐 and has a
derivative
𝑓′(𝑥) = 0 or 𝑦′ = 0, respectively.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (𝑐)
= =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

A horizontal line has zero slope

DERIVATIVES OF Radical FunALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS-
(Polynomial, Rational and ctions)

Examples : Solve for the derivative of the

following power functions:
RULE 2: The Derivative of a Power POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
- Power Rule
𝑦 '= (1) x 1−1 𝑓’(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3-1
𝑛
=1 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑛− 1 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
= =𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3)

RADICAL FUNCTIONS
4)
DERIVATIVES OF Radical FunALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS-
(Polynomial, Rational and ctions)

RULE 3: The Derivative of a Constant

Times a Function -Constant Multiple Example: Find the derivative of the 𝑦 = 5𝑥
Rule
=5
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 [𝑐𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ] 𝑑𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
= =𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

A line is tangent to itself.

DERIVATIVES OF Radical FunALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS-
(Polynomial, Rational and ctions)

RULE 4: The Derivative of Sum and Difference

– Sum and Difference Rule Let 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
and 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣 where
𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable Ex. Find the of -7
functions of 𝑥 , then
- 3(7
3 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (𝑢+𝑣 ) 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 𝑣
¿ 20 𝑥 − 21 𝑥 +10 𝑥
= = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (𝑢 −𝑣 ) 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 𝑣
= = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 DERIVATIVES OF Radical FunALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS-
(Polynomial, Rational and ctions)
RULE 5: The Derivative of a Product
- Product Ex. Determine the derivative of
Rule Solution:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢·𝑣 where 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥) are Let : ;
differentiable functions of 𝑥 , then
;
′
𝑑 ( 𝑢 · 𝑣 ) =𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑢 ′
or

𝑦 ′ =( 𝑥 3 +2 𝑥 ) ( 2 ) +(2 𝑥 −1)(3 𝑥 2+ 2)

The first function multiply the derivative of the second

¿ 2 𝑥 3+4 𝑥 +6 𝑥 3 − 3 𝑥2 +4 𝑥 − 2
plus the second function multiplied by the derivative of ¿ 8 𝑥 3 −3 𝑥 2+ 8 𝑥 −2
the first.
DERIVATIVES OF Radical FunALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS-
(Polynomial, Rational and ctions)

𝑥 2+ 1
Ex. Find the ’ of 𝑦= 3
𝑥 −1
Solution:
RULE 6: The Derivative of a Quotient
Let : ;
- Quotient Rule ;
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢/𝑣 where 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑣 𝑢 ′ −𝑢𝑣 ′
are differentiable functions of 𝑥 , then 𝑑 ( 𝑢/ 𝑣 ) =
𝑣2

or
𝑦 ′=¿ ¿
2 𝑥4 − 2 𝑥 − 3 𝑥4 − 3 𝑥2
bo=bottom (denominator) ¿ 2
to=top (numerator) ( 𝑥3− 1)
− 𝑥 4 −3 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥
¿ 2
( 𝑥 3 −1 )
Derivatives of Exponential
Functions
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
𝑥 𝑢
𝑑 (𝑒 ) 𝑑 (𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑢
1. =𝑒 𝑥 2. =𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ex. Differentiate

Solution:
Let : ;
4 𝑥+7
¿𝑒 (4 )
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
𝑥 𝑢
𝑑 (𝑏 ) 𝑑 (𝑏 ) 𝑑𝑢
3. =𝑏𝑥 ln 𝑏 4. =𝑏𝑢 ln 𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ex. Differentiate

Solution:
Let : ;
2
𝑥
¿ 5 ln 5(2 𝑥)
Derivatives of Logarithmic
Functions
Derivatives of Exponential Functions

𝑑 ( ln 𝑥) 1 𝑑 ( ln 𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑢
1. = 2. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Ex. Differentiate
(
𝑓 (𝑥)=ln 𝑥
1 Solution:
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )= Let : ;
𝑥
2 𝑥 +5
¿ 2
𝑥 +5 𝑥 +2
Derivatives of Trigonometric
Functions
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
𝑑 (sin 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑(cos 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
01 𝑑𝑥 =cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 02 =−sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(tan 𝑢) 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑(cot 𝑢) 2 𝑑𝑢
03 𝑑𝑥 =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 04 𝑑𝑥 =− 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(sec𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑(csc 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
05 𝑑𝑥 =sec 𝑢tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 06 𝑑𝑥 =−csc𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Optimization Using
Calculus
CRITICAL POINTS AND POINTS WHERE EXTREMA OCCUR

Definition
Let be a function that is continuous on an open interval I containing 𝑥o .
• 𝑥o is a critical point of 𝑓 if 𝑓’(𝑥o) = 0 or 𝑓’( 𝑥o) does not exist (that is, f has a corner or a cusp at
(𝑥o, 𝑓’(𝑥o)).

the maximum occurs at 𝑥o if the value 𝑓( 𝑥o) is the largest among all other
1 functional values on I, that is, 𝑓 (𝑥o)≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ⋲ I.

the minimum occurs at 𝑥o if the value 𝑓( 𝑥o) is the smallest among all other
2 functional values on I, that is, 𝑓(𝑥o) ≤𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ⋲ I.

an extremum of 𝑓 occurs at 𝑥o if either the maximum or the minimum

3 occurs at 𝑥
FERMAT’s THEOREM
Let 𝑓 be continuous on an open interval I containing 𝑥o. If 𝑓 has an
extremum at 𝑥o, then 𝑥o must be a critical point of 𝑓.

Find all critical point/s .

1. f(x) = 3x2 – 3x - 4
CRITICAL POINT f’(x) = 6x – 3
-xo is a critical point of 𝑓 if 6x – 3 = 0
1. 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0 x = ½ is a critical point
2. f(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 15x -20
2. 𝑓’(𝑥) DNE (non differentiable)
f’(x) = 3x2 -18x +15
3x2 -18x +15 = 0
3(x-5)(x-1) = 0
x = 5 , x = 1 are the critical points
 Optimization: Application of Extrema to Word
Problems
1 3
2
Optimization problems are
word problems that deal Constraint is a conditional
with the application of concept that can be
Optimization equation is part
finding the maximum or transformed into an equation
of the problem that needs to
minimum value of a which is part of an
be maximized or minimized.
function. It has a constraint optimization problem. Most
and an equation that needs problems have a given
to be optimized. constant quantity.
STEPS IN SOLVING OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

Set the
Write down derivative of
Read and formulas and the function
understand the given
equal to zero
problem. information.
and solve.

Draw a Write a
diagram, if function for
applicable. what is to be
optimized.
 STEPS IN SOLVING
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
Ex. 1 Solve for two positive numbers whose product is 100. and whose sum is
a minimum. Solution: Let 𝑥 and 𝑦 be the two positive missing numbers with a
product of 100.
𝑥 y = 100 constraint equation

M = 𝑥 + y Optimization equation (minimized)

 STEPS IN SOLVING
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
Take the derivative!

M ′=1−1 00 𝑥− 2
1 00
=1− 2
𝑥
1 00
0 =1− Set it to zero and solve for x.
𝑥2
1 00
=1
𝑥2
𝑥 2 =1 00
𝑥=10
1 00
𝑦= =1 0
𝑥
 STEPS IN SOLVING
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
Ex 2. You have 40 feet of fence to enclose a rectangular
garden. What is the maximum area that you can enclose?

constraint equation
2 𝑥 +2 y = 40
Optimization equation (maximized)

A=𝑥 y
2
A = 𝑥 (20− 𝑥 )=20 𝑥 − 𝑥
 STEPS IN SOLVING
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
2
𝑥−
A =20 Take the 𝑥
derivative!
A ′=20−2 𝑥
0 =20−2 𝑥Set it to zero and
solve for x.
2 𝑥 =20
𝑥 =10

y = 10
2
A max = 𝑥 y =10 𝑓𝑡 (10 𝑓𝑡 )=100 𝑓𝑡