Chp1 IntroConcepts

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Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 1

Intro

Intro
1. Introductory Concepts
2. Numbering Systems
3. Boolean Algebra
4. Combinational Logic
5. Flip-Flops
6. Arithmetic Circuit
7. Counters & Shift Registers
8. Logic Families
9. MSI Devices

Intro
1. Introductory Concepts
Numerical Representations
Digital and Analog Systems
Digital Number Systems
Binary Number System
Digital / Logic Circuits
Parallel / Serial Transmission
1.1 – 1.6

1.1 What is the
characteristics
Quantities in General of each group?
No of books in a library Room temperature
Amount of money in the Amount of water used

bank every month
No of grocery items in a Amount of electricity used

shop every month
No of students in SP Speed of a car

1.1
Digital / Analog Quantities
? ?

1.1
Digital / Analog Quantities
Digital Analog
Countable Uncountable
Quantity changes in Quantity changes in

discrete (definite) continuous (varying)
amount amount

1.1
Give More
Digital / Analog Quantities examples
Digital Analog

1.1
Give More
Digital / Analog Quantities examples
Digital Analog
no of $2 notes in my pocket Amount of petrol in a car

no of words in a document Weight of people in a lift
no of cars in a car park Music from my radio

1.1
Which of the following involve analog quantities and which

involves digital quantities?
Number of bottles in a carton
Energy consumed by light bulb
Signal from a handphone
Number of heart beats in 1 minute
Amount of time to bake a cake
Blood pressure

1.1
Which of the following involve analog quantities and which

involves digital quantities?
Number of bottles in a carton digital
Energy consumed by light bulb analog
Signal from a handphone analog
Number of heart beats in 1 minute digital
Amount of time to bake a cake analog
Blood pressure analog

1.1
Digital / Analog Signals
What is a signal? Gives 2 examples.
What is an analog signal?
What is a digital signal?
Look up the following websites to find the answer:

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_9/1.html.
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/acdc.htm

1.1
 A signal is
 2 examples of signals are

1.1
 An analog signal is

1.1
 A digital signal is

1.1
A signal is any kind of physical quantity that conveys

information. E.g. audio signal, traffic light signal.
In this module, the word signal will be used primarily to

reference an electrical quantity of voltage or current that
is used to represent some other physical quantity.

1.1
Analog Signal
A quantity that varies continuously over a range
of values (over time).
time

1.1
Digital Signal
A quantity that varies in DISCRETE steps over a
range of values (over time).
time

1.1
Analog or
Digital / Analog Signals digital?

1.1
Analog or
Analog
At any point, the change to the next
value is in a continuous amount.

1.1
Analog or
time
?

1.1
Analog or
time
Digital
At any point, the change to the next
value is in a discrete amount.

1.2
Digital & Analog Systems
 Digital Systems
handle digital quantities.
 Analog Systems
handle analog quantities.

1.2
Look around yourself, and name one example of each system.
 Digital Systems
e.g.
 Analog Systems
e.g.

1.2
Look around yourself, and name one example of each system.
 Digital Systems
e.g. computer, ATM, calculator,
digital thermometer, digital watch
 Analog Systems
e.g. iron, speedometer, film
camera, analog multimeter, mecury
thermometer, analog watch

1.2
More and More

digital systems are
designed to
handle
analog quantities.

1.5
e.g. Digitization of Shoulder Length
18”
large
16”
medium
15”
small
13”

1.5
Digitization of Voltages
5V
Binary / Logic
2V 1
Not used
0.8V
Binary / Logic 0
0V

1.5
Digital / Logic Circuit
Digital /
Logic 0 / 1 Logic 0 / 1
Logic Circuit
Digital Circuit do not deal with precise voltage, but a range.

Therefore, digital circuit is less affected by noise.

1.2
Advantages of Digital Systems
1. ?

1.2
Advantages of Digital Systems
1. Generally easier to design

2. Storage is easier, data stored does not
deteriorate easily
3. Accuracy & precision are greater
4. Operation can be programmed more easily
5. Less affected by noise
6. Digital circuitry take up less space on IC
chips

1.2
Disadvantages of Digital Systems
1. ?

1.2
Disadvantages of Digital Systems
1. Real world systems are mostly analog

2. ADC / DAC, extra processes take time
(see temperature control system in the
next 2 slides for illustration)
3. Not necessary cheaper

1.2
e.g. Temperature Control System
Temperature (Analog)
(Analog)
Analog
Sensor Processing
Adjusts
(Analog)
Controller temperature

1.2
e.g. Temperature Control System
Temperature (Analog) (Digital)

(Analog)
Digital
Sensor ADC Processing
(Digital)
(Analog) Adjusts
Controller temperature
DAC

1.3
Number Systems
Quantities are represented by numbers

1.3
Number Systems used in Digital Systems
 Decimal number systems

 Binary number systems
 Octal number systems (discussed in chapter 2)
 Hexadecimal number systems (discussed in chapter 2)
Basic feature of a number system
is its base or radix

1.3
Decimal and Binary Systems
Number systems Base No of Symbols

Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9
Binary 2 ?

1.3
Decimal and Binary Systems
Number systems Base No of Symbols

Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9
Binary 2 0,1

1.3
Decimal Systems – Positional weights
No, how do
Is this 7 thousand 4
you interpret
hundred fifty two 2
this number?
hundredth 1 tenth 4
thousandth and 30
thousandth?
2 7 4 5 . 2 1 4 3

1.3
Positional weights
103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4
2 7 4 5 . 2 1 4 3
MSD Decimal point LSD

Most Significant Digit Least Significant Digit

1.3
Positional weights
2000+700 + 40 + 5 . 0.2+ 0.01+0.004+0.0003
103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4
2 7 4 5 . 2 1 4 3
MSD Decimal point LSD

Most Significant Digit Least Significant Digit

1.4
Binary Systems – Positional Weights
Positional weights
1 1 0 0 1 . 1 0 1
MSB Binary point LSB

Most Significant Bit Least Significant Bit

1.4
Positional weights
24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3
1 1 0 0 1 . 1 0 1


1.4
Positional weights
16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 . 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3
1 1 0 0 1 . 1 0 1


1.4
Positional weights Equivalent decimal value = 25.62510
16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 . 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3
1 1 0 0 1 . 1 0 1


1.3
Decimal Systems - Values & Range
How many digits are used in the display of a

digital clock?

calculator?

1.3

digital clock?
2 digits for hour, 2 digits for minutes, etc
calculator?
Many more digits, perhaps 10
Number of digits required depends on the range of values

required to be represented in an application.

1.3
No of digits Range No. of different
values
1

1.3
values
1 0 to 9 10

1.3
values
1 0 to 9 10
2 0 to 99 100

1.3
values
1 0 to 9 10
2 0 to 99 100
3 0 to 999 1000

1.3
values
1 0 to 9 10
2 0 to 99 100
3 0 to 999 1000
N 10N

1.3
values
1 0 to 9 10
2 0 to 99 100
3 0 to 999 1000
N 0 to 10N - 1 10N

1.4
Binary Systems - Values & Range
No of bits Range No. of different
values
1 0 to 12 (110) 2
2
3
4
5

1.4
values
1 0 to 12 (110) 2
2 0 to 112 (310) 4
3
4
5

1.4
values
1 0 to 12 (110) 2
2 0 to 112 (310) 4
3 0 to 1112 (710) 8
4
5

1.4
values
1 0 to 12 (110) 2
2 0 to 112 (310) 4
3 0 to 1112 (710) 8
4 0 to 11112 (1510) 16
5

1.4
values
1 0 to 12 (110) 2
2 0 to 112 (310) 4
3 0 to 1112 (710) 8
4 0 to 11112 (1510) 16
5 0 to 111112 (3110) 32

1.4
values
1 0 to 12 (110) 2
2 0 to 112 (310) 4
3 0 to 1112 (710) 8
4 0 to 11112 (1510) 16
5 0 to 111112 (3110) 32
N 2N

1.4
values
1 0 to 12 (110) 2
2 0 to 112 (310) 4
3 0 to 1112 (710) 8
4 0 to 11112 (1510) 16
5 0 to 111112 (3110) 32
N 0 to 2N - 1 2N

1.4
How many bits are required to represent 2110 ?

1.4
How many bits are required to represent 2110 ?

21 = 2N - 1
22 = 2N
log 22 = log 2N N=4 will not be
enough to
log 22 = N log 2 represent 2110
N = (log 22) / (log 2)
N = 4.46
Choose the next whole number > answer,
i.e. N = 5

1.4
Binary representation –
meaning in the real world
 Systems in the real world that has only 2
operating states
 Examples are
Switch open closed
Door open closed
Light on off
Object near to wall yes no
Weather cold hot

1.4
e.g. How a word can be formed
Word ON OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON
binary 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1

1.6
Digital Data Transmission
Sending circuit Receiving circuit
(MSB) A4 1
B4
A3 0
B3
A2 0
B2
A1 1
B1
(LSB) A0 1
B0
Parallel Transmission

1.6
Sending circuit Receiving circuit
Aout Bin
(LSB) (MSB)
1 1 0 0 1
t
Serial Transmission

1.6
Parallel Transmission
1. Use one line per bit with one common signal ground
2. Faster compared to serial transmission
3. Prone to error over long distances
4. More costly as more conductors are required

1.6
Serial Transmission
1. Use one line for signal, one for ground, the individual
bits are transmitted one at a time
2. Slower compared to parallel transmission
3. Less prone to error over long distances
4. More economical as fewer conductors are required

The End

Chp1 IntroConcepts

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Instructions for using the PowerPoint slides:

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Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 1

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 2

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 3

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 4

No of books in a library Room temperature

Amount of money in the Amount of water used

No of grocery items in a Amount of electricity used

No of students in SP Speed of a car

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 5

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 6

Quantity changes in Quantity changes in

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 7

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 8

no of $2 notes in my pocket Amount of petrol in a car

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 9

Which of the following involve analog quantities and which

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 10

Which of the following involve analog quantities and which

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 11

What is an analog signal?

What is a digital signal?

Look up the following websites to find the answer:

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 12

 2 examples of signals are

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 13

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 14

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 15

A signal is any kind of physical quantity that conveys

In this module, the word signal will be used primarily to

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 16

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 17

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 18

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 19

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 20

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 21

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 22

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 23

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 24

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 25

More and More

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 26

e.g. Digitization of Shoulder Length

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 27

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 28

Digital / Logic Circuit

Digital Circuit do not deal with precise voltage, but a range.

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 29

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 30

1. Generally easier to design

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 31

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 32

1. Real world systems are mostly analog

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 33

e.g. Temperature Control System

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 34

e.g. Temperature Control System

Temperature (Analog) (Digital)

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 35

Quantities are represented by numbers

Chp 1 Introductory Concepts 36