Personality And Intelligence

By Anum Ayub
 Personality
• Personality refers to individual differences in
characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and
behaving.
• Personality is the blend of different
characteristics and these characteristics makes
one person unique from others.
Personality Development
 Personality Development
• People’s personalities developed throughout
their lifetime but the main obvious pattern is
formed during childhood when people are
experiencing emotional, physical intellectual
growth.
Theories of personality
1. Psychoanalysis perspective:
 Psychoanalysist sum up the personality with
the major concept of Freud that is:
 Id,Ego and super ego
 Conscious, preconscious, unconscious
• Freud saw the personality structured into three
parts , the id, ego and superego (also known as the
psyche)
• ID is the unorganized part of personality whose
purpose is the immediate satisfaction without the
idea of right and wrong,
• EGO develops in order to balance between the
unrealistic id and the external real world (like a
referee). It is the decision making component of
personality.
• Super ego is the moral part of personality. It
internalized rules of parents of society. it is
similar to a conscience (moral sense)
• The id ego and super ego are continually in
conflict with one another, this conflict create
Anxiety, ego always tries to control anxiety
with the use of defense mechanism.
 Cause of behavior, thoughts and feeling.
• Unconscious conflicts and the conflict of id ego and super ego.

2.Trait perspective
• It holds that personality is best understood by the description and
analysis of underlying personality traits (biological sets) It is
presumed that individuals differ in their traits due to genetic
differences.

• Eysenck developed a very influential model of personality he

identified three dimensions of personality: extraversion, neuroticism and
psychoticism.
• Extroverts are sociable and crave excitement and change, and
thus can become bored easily. They tend to be carefree,
optimistic and impulsive.
• Introverts are reserved, plan their actions and control their
emotions. They tend to be serious, reliable and pessimistic.
• Neurotics / unstables tend to be anxious, worrying and
moody. They are overly emotional and find it difficult to calm
down once upset.
• Stables are emotionally calm, unreactive and unworried.
• Eysenck later added a third trait / dimension -Psychoticism –
e.g. lacking in empathy, cruel, a loner, aggressive and
troublesome.
 Cause of behavior thoughts and feelings
• Stable internal characteristics
• It emphasize on genetic basis.
3.Humanistic perspective
According to this approach the core of
personality is achieved when a person achieve
selfhood and actualize their human potential
 Cause of thoughts feeling and behavior
 Self concept
 Self actualizing tendencies
 Conscious feeling about oneself
3.Social cognitive perspective
 Theory given by Albert bandura also known as
social learning theory.
 Bandura emphasized on importance of cognition
in personality development.
 This theory emphasized on social learning
through social interaction with environment,
 Learning occurs through social observation and
through reinforcement,
 Assessment of Personality
• In order to study and measure personality,
psychologists have developed a number of
different personality test assessments, the most
common is projective and objective tests
Objective Personality test
In such test psychologist ask specific questions
and require specific answers .Objective tests
include:
1. The MMPI (Minnesota multiphase personality test)
2. Self report test
3. Neo PI personality inventory

MMPI (Minnesota multiphase inventory

o Used for clinical and nonclinical populations
o diagnosis of personality disorders
• Hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, (social
deviance), paranoia,(obsessive/compulsive
qualities), schizophrenia, hypomania, and social
introversion.
Self report test
o Used with both clinical and nonclinical
populations
o diagnostic purposes to helping with career
guidance.
Neo Pi Personality inventory or big five model
It is designed to measure,
Personality traits using the five factor model.
Openness to experience, extroversion,
Agreeableness, conscientiousness,
Neuroticism
Projective tests
Projective tests are more in detail as compare to
objective test it measure the overall personality
in one detail test there are two common
projective tests :
1. TAT Thematic apperception test
2. Rorschach test
Thematic apperception test
(TAT) consists of 30 cards (including one blank
card) Test-takers are asked to tell a story about
each picture, including the background that
led up to the story and the thoughts and
feelings of the characters. it uncover the
persons thoughts and emotions.
Rorschach test
The Rorchach test consists of ten inkblots, During the
test, participants are shown the inkblots and asked
what each one might be. The test administrator then
asks questions about the responses, such as which part
of the inkblot was linked to each response. This test
can be used to examine a person's personality
characteristics and emotional functioning and is
thought to measure unconscious attitudes
and motivations.
Factor Affecting Personality Development

• Following are the factors which affect the

personality development
1. Heredity
2. Environmental factors
3. Psychological factors
Heredity
a. Biological factors
b. physical factors
Physical factors
Physical factors include height for example short tall
weight thin fat and muscular body.
Biological factors
The working of the nervous system, glands and
blood chemistry determines our characteristics
and habitual modes of behaviour. Adrenal gland,
thyroid gland, pituitary gland and endocrine
gland affect personality.
2.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Social Environment
• The child has his birth in the society. He learns and
lives there. Hence, the social environment has an
important say in the personality development of the
person.
3.Psychological factors
• Psychological factors include all the mental
impression of personality,negitivity and positivity also
count in personality of a person,
Family Environment
• The first environment, the child moves in is the
family environment Here the child comes in
contact with his parents and other family
member his likes, dislikes, about people,
expectancies of security and emotional responses
all are shaped in early childhood.
• Cultural environment
 Stages of psychological growth and
development
• Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
maintains that people go through specific
stages .These stages are completed in a fixed
order with all childrens.
1. Sensory-Motor Stage (0-2)
2. Preoperational stage (2-7)
3. Stage of Concrete Operations (7-11)
4. Stage of Formal Operations (11-16)
Sensory motor stage (0 to 2 yrs)
During this stage senses, reflexes, and motor
abilities develop rapidly the child explore their
world through their senses,in this stage child
learn permanency of objects once an object
is removed from the child’s view, he or she is
unable to understand that the object still
exists.
Preoperational stage (2 to 7)
In this stage the child start to understand the
world from their mental images he or she
made, A second important factor in this stage
is that of Conservation, which is the ability to
understand that quantity does not change if
the shape changes. In other words, if a short
and wide glass of water is poured into a tall
and thin glass.
Concrete operational stage (7 to 12 )
During this stage, the thought process becomes
more rational, In the Concrete Operational stage,
the child has the ability to develop logical
thought about an object,
Formal operational stage(12-16)
• Development of logical thinking
• Reasoning and planning
 Intelligence and its types
• Intelligence is defined as general cognitive
problem-solving skills. A mental ability involved in
reasoning, perceiving relationships and analogies,
calculating, learning quickly.
 Types of intelligence
• Following are the different type of intelligence .
1. Naturalist intelligence : the human ability to
discriminate among living things (plants, animals)
it continues to be central in such roles as botanist
or chef, such people are smart in nature.
2. Musical intelligence: People with such intelligence are
good in the understanding different tone of music,
Young adults with this kind of intelligence are
usually singing or drumming to themselves. They
are usually quite aware of sounds others may miss.
3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: Logical-
mathematical intelligence is the ability to
calculate, quantify, and complete mathematical
operation, Logical intelligence is usually well
developed in mathematicians, scientists, and
detectives.
4. Existential Intelligence: Sensitivity and capacity to
tackle deep questions about human existence, such
as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did
we get here.
5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: Bodily kinesthetic
intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects
and use a variety of physical skills. This intelligence
also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of
skills through mind–body union. Athletes, dancers,
are developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.
6. Interpersonal intelligence (smart people)
Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to
understand and interact effectively with
others. It involves effective verbal and nonverbal
communication, Teachers, social workers, actors,
and politicians all exhibit interpersonal
intelligence.
7. Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart)
Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three
dimensions. Core capacities include mental
imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation,
graphic and artistic skills, and an active
imagination. Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters,
and architects all exhibit spatial intelligence.
 Factor affecting intelligence
Heredity and Environment
Heredity provided the physical body to be
developed with certain inherent capabilities
while environment provides for the maturation
and training of the organism During an
individual’s life time variation in I.Q. is due to
environment, since the heredity cannot
change.
AGE: A person who bright or dull in childhood tends
to remain bright or dull throughout his life.
Health and Physical Development: Diseases
also affect intelligence. Emotional bodies may
interferes one’s ability. Unfavorable health
affects mental status of the individual.
Social and Economic Conditions: Home plays a
significance role in the early developmental
years. Home conditions influence on behaviours
attitude. The financial status or the parents,
neighborhood and environmental conditions also
affect on the intelligence but due to their soci-
economic status.
 Relevance of IQ and EQ
• Emotional Quotient (EQ) is a way to measure how a
person recognizes emotions in himself or herself and
others, and manages these emotional states to work
better as a group or team.
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a value that indicates a
person's ability to learn, understand, and apply
information and skills in a meaningful way. The major
difference between EQ and IQ is what part of a
person's mental abilities they measure:
understanding emotion or understanding
information
• At one point in time, IQ was viewed as the primary
determinant of success. People with high IQs were
assumed to be destined for a life of accomplishment
and achievement and researchers debated whether
intelligence was the product of genes or the
environment.
• The concept of emotional intelligence has had a
strong impact in a number of areas, including the
business world. Many companies now
mandate emotional intelligence training and utilize
EQ tests as part of the hiring process. Research has
found that individuals with
strong leadership potential also tend to be more
emotionally intelligent.