INFERÊNCIA E

PRESSUPOSIÇÃO
CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, SOCIAIS E LETRAS – CCHSL
CLAUDIO CEZAR HENRIQUES
DISCIPLINA: FUNDAMENTOS DA LINGUÍSTICA
DOCENTE: SÔNIA NOGUEIRA
DISCENTES: ALFREDO MEDRADO E MARIA VITÓRIA
 BIOGRAFIA DO AUTOR

 NACIONALIDADE  FORMAÇÃO
 BACHARELOU-SE
 BRASILEIRO
 RIO DE JANEIRO – EM LETRAS PELA
1951 URFJ
 PROFESSOR  Doutor em letras pela
 FILÓLOGO Universidade do Estado
 LINGUISTA do Rio de Janeiro –
 ESCRITOR 1995
 Pós-doutor em Letras
Vernáculas pela USP -
2005
TERORIA DO
AUTOR
 COMPREENÇÃO DO ENUNCIADO
 A compreensão de um enunciado também depende da interpretação semântica de elementos
subentendidos, que não estão marcados linguisticamente.

Ex. Quarta ponte desafogará trânsito pesado no Centro (A Gazeta/AC, 26/11/2010)

(p. 57)
 INFERÊNCIA E PRESSUPOSIÇÃO
 A inferência é termo genérico e pressuposição é uma particularidade
The influence of Existentialism

The arts and psychology

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest of them all

Philosophy
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet
from the Sun
Existentialism theory

Do you know what helps you make your point

crystal clear? Lists like this one:
● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience won’t

miss the point of your presentation
Types of existentialism

Christian Atheistic Absurdist

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
smallest of them all from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
Four basic dimensions of human existence

The physical The social

Mars is actually a cold place. Venus has extremely high
It’s full of iron oxide dust temperatures

The psychological The spiritual

Jupiter is the biggest planet Saturn is a gas giant and has
of them all several rings
Key themes of existentialism

Alienation Anxiety Freedom

Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely Neptune is the farthest
cold place high temperatures planet from the Sun

Authenticity Absurdity Death

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun with several rings planet of them all
 “This is a quote, words
full of wisdom that
someone important said
and can make the
reader get inspired”
—Someone famous
4,498,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
Existentialism core principles

40% 75% 30%

Phenomenology Freedom Authenticity

Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
of them all from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
Our website
You can replace the image on the screen
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When and where did existentialism start?

19th Century
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
smallest of them all

France
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place.
It’s full of iron oxide dust
History of Existentialism

Earth Jupiter
Earth is the Jupiter is a huge
1810 planet with life 1920 gas giant 1960

Mercury 1850 Mars 1940 Saturn

Mercury is a Mars was named Saturn has
small planet after a god several rings
Diagram of existence dimensions

Mars is actually a very

Spiritual Good / evil
cold place

Mercury is the closest

Personal Strength/weakness
planet to the Sun

Jupiter is the biggest

Social Life / death
planet of them all

Saturn is a gas giant

Physical Love / hate
with several rings
Existentialism vs Postmodernism

Existentialism Postmodernism
Finding meaning and value in a Unmasking the pretensions
The challenge world without God of reason

Interpretation of the text of

The method Creation of meaning and value
human experience

Nihilism: The surrender to despair Oppression: The continued belief in

The danger in the face of the meaninglessness narratives whose purpose is to support
of existence the dominant power structure
Impact of existentialism contributions
45% 85%
Philosophy Psychology
Venus has extremely high Neptune is the farthest
temperatures planet from the Sun

28% 10%
Literature & arts Social impact
Saturn is a gas giant with Jupiter is the biggest
several rings planet of them all

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Existential crisis
Existential crisis

Absurdism Nihilism Authentic existence

Embrace the absurdity Rejecting all meaning Finding meaning

Camus Nietzsche Sartre, Kierkegaard

Reading plan
Book
Describe the theme
Mercury
Saturn is the second-largest planet in the Solar System
Author
Would you recommend it?
Mars
Neptune is the fourth-largest planet in the Solar System
Genre
Venus
Describe your favorite part
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly
Rating hot, even hotter than Mercury, and its atmosphere is extremely poisonous. It’s
the second-brightest natural object in the night sky
Some philosophers of existentialism
Jean-Paul Sartre Friedrich Nietzsche Soren Kierkegaard
(1905 - 1980) (1844 - 1900) (1813 - 1855)
Neptune is the fourth-largest Venus is the second planet Saturn is the second-largest
planet in the Solar System from the Sun planet in the Solar System

Hannah Arendt Simone Weil

(1889 - 1976) (1908 - 1986)
Despite being red, Mars is Jupiter is a gas giant and has
actually a cold place around eighty moons
Exercise 1: Complete the table
Directions: Complete the table with the correct information

Philosopher Years of contribution Notable contributions Main ideas

Explored nihilism,
Friedrich Nietzsche Write here… Write here…
criticized traditional

The Other, gender

Simone de Beauvoir 1940s-1980s Write here…
roles, existentialism's

Popularized existentialism, Radical freedom,

Jean-Paul Sartre 1930s-1980s
focused on radical existential angst,

Hannah Arendt Write here… Write here… Write here…

Exercise 2: Match
Directions: Match the sentences with the correct philosopher

"Existence precedes essence." Camus

"One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman." Heidegger

"The absurd is the essential concept and the first truth." Sartre

“Language is the house of Being." Nietzsche

"He who has a why to live can bear almost any how." Beauvoir
Exercise 3: true or false
Directions: Say the following sentences are true or false:

T F
○ Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual
existence, freedom, and choice

○ Kierkegaard believed that faith and reason are entirely compatible and can
be reconciled through systematic philosophical arguments

○ Existentialism asserts that the only way to find meaning in life is through
organized religion and following established moral codes

○ Jean-Paul Sartre is often considered one of the key figures in the

existentialist movement
 Conclusion
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold
place. It’s full of iron oxide dust, which gives
the planet its reddish cast
Our team

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