TILES

1
 Tiles

• A natural or manufactured piece of hard-wearing material that could generally be

used for covering, protection and/or decorating finished or unfinished surfaces
like roofs, floors, walls, ceilings, façades, slabs.

• Made of ceramic, stone, metal or even glass.

• Sometimes made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral
wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications.

2
 History
• Beautiful tiled surfaces - oldest pyramid, the ruins of Babylon, and the ancient ruins of Greek
cities.
• Fired roof tiles - 3rd millennium BCE - Greece. The fired tiles began to replace thatched roofs at
two temples of Apollo and Poseidon between 700 and 650 BCE

Ancient Greek Roof Tiles

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile)
3
 History (contd.)
• Dutch roof tiles (14th century).
• The spread of the roof tile technique has to be viewed in connection with the
simultaneous rise of monumental architecture in ancient Greece.

Roman roof tile fragment

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile)

4
 Advantages of using tiles
1. Strength and stability
2. Fire resistance
3. Good sound resistance
4. Damp resistance
5. Thermal resistance
6. Durable, hard-wearing
7. Aesthetical cover (floors, roofs, walls..)
8. Environment Friendly
9. Low rate of Replacement

5
 Manufacturing (Clay based tiles)
The operations involved in manufacturing of tiles involved:
1. Selection of suitable clay
2. Preparation of clay (quarried and refined)
3. Moulding: Dry mixture of clay, magnesium silicate and other ingredients are
pressed into mould
4. Shaping & Drying
5. Burning: Fired at extremely high temperature
6. Cooling

6
 Classification of Tiles

Based on

• Materials

• Applications

7
 Types of Tiles Based on Materials

• Clay
• Common
• Ceramic (Glazed, Vitrified)
• Terrazzo
• Mosaic
• Stone
• Glass

8
 Common Clay tiles
• Extensively used in India (floors & roofs (IS 2690)
• A mixture of glass and clay.
• Materials are mixed and extruded in the shape of slabs
• Put in moulds and pressed to required shape.
• Fired at 1330 ˚C

9
 Ceramic tiles
• Made from Special ceramic clays (manufactured in 2 phases)
• Fired around 1200-1300˚ C.
• Glazing (coated with glaze & again fired in Oven)
• Permanently hardened by heating
• Very thick, as is the case with tiles designed for flooring, or quite thin, in the
instance of ceramic tiles used to make trivets
• Extremely durable and wear resistance
• Aesthetically pleasing
• Easy to clean
• Wall tiles, Flooring of Offices, Airport…

10
(http://stoneconcept.com.au) (http://www.marketresearchreports.com)

11
 Vitrified Tiles
• Vitrification Process
• Made by baking fine minerals like clay, silica, quartz, feldspar etc
• Heated at extreme high temperatures where the individual grains or particles melt
and fuse make a vitreous surface (glassy texture).
• Properties
• Porosity or Water absorption (0.5%) - Very low
• Breaking Strength
• Abrasion Resistance
• Chemical Resistance

• Alternative to Marble and Granite flooring

12
 Terrazzo Tiles
• Artificial hard tiles
• Terrazzo = Coarse aggregates + Binder + Fine aggregates
(decorative (white or colored (white, grey, (marble powder or
Concrete) chips) or colored magnesite powder)
cement)
• Cement and marble aggregate in proportion 1:1.25 to 1:2, it is then mixed and poured in situ
onto a concrete base.
• Ground, (waxed sometimes) and polished.
• Durable
• Easy to clean.

13
Terrazzo Tiles Terrazzo Flooring
(http://www.andrews-tiles.co.uk)

14
 Mosaic Tiles
• Made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed/cement/marble arranged in different
pattern
• Tiles used are available in variety of patterns and colors
• Commonly used in operation theatres, temples, bathrooms and superior type of building
floors
• Mosaic tiles are often used to depict architectural beauty

15
(http://theartsandcraftsworkshop.com) (http://mosaicsindesign.tripod.com)
 Stones
Marble Tiles
Form of metamorphic rock
Made up of calcium carbonate
Comes in numerous colors, white, grey, green
Porous and must be sealed

Marble floor with borders

(http://www.gharexpert.com) 16
Granite
Stones
• Form of Igneous rock made up of feldspar, quartz and mica
• Expensive
• Long lasting, as it is hardwearing and resistant to chemicals and has a timeless look
• Comes in limited colors - black, red, green, grey, blue, pink

Granite Flooring Granite Slab

(http://www.abiagraniteservices.in) 17
Slate Stones
• Foliated metamorphic rock. It occurs as a result of shale rock undergoing metamorphosis.
• Normally grey in color. However, it can still occur in other colors: Purple, green, Cyan.
• Can be slippery when used in external locations subject to rain

(https://slateflooring.wordpress.com) 18
 Stones
Limestone and Sandstone
• Derived from sedimentary rocks
• Limestone is rarely used for floors today as
it becomes slippery when it is worn.
• It is grey or beige in color.

(http://www.scpstone.co.uk)

• Sandstone is used more in outdoor paving

than indoor, but looks great in an area that
flows to the outdoors such as a conservatory.
• Its irregular natural pattern is its best feature.

19
(http://suffolk.tiledoctor.co.uk)
 Glass
• Strong enough to be used structurally as flooring.
• Floor panels are made of two or more layers of annealed glass laminated
together
• Sandblasting or screen printing at top surface gives
anti-slip properties and design opportunities.

(http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum)

20
 Based on Applications

1. Roof tiles

2. Floor tiles

3. Wall tiles

4. Ceiling tiles

21
 Roof Tiles
• Designed mainly to drain the rainwater from the roof and protect from the sun.
• Traditionally made from locally available materials such as clay or slate.
• Concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze

a. Flat tiles - laid in regular overlapping

(http://www.boral.com.au)

22
 Roof Tiles
b. Pantiles: with an S-shaped profile, allowing
tiles to interlock

Batten lugs

(http://www.peakroofing.co.uk)

c. Barrel tiles – semi-cylindrical tiles laid in

alternating columns of convex and concave tiles.
Mass-produced from clay, metal, concrete or
plastic.

23
 Floor Tiles

• Commonly made of ceramic or stone.

• Stones like marble, granite, slate, limestone and sandstone

• Recent technological advances have resulted in rubber/polymer or

glass tiles for floors as well.

24
 Wall Tiles
Used for decorating the interior of a home
• Tiled walls can resist moisture and handle scrubbing much more readily than
drywall or other materials
• Ideal choice for humid bathrooms and kitchens where they will be exposed to
moisture and cooking splatters respectively
• Ceramic tiles are mainly used

(http://www.lowes.com) 25
 Ceiling Tiles
Tiles used for covering ceilings of rooms
• Suspended ceilings
• Acoustic Ceilings

Acoustic Ceiling
(http://acousticceilingtileshq.com)

Suspended Ceiling
(http://www.oxfordpartitions.co.uk) 26
 Criteria for Selection of tiles
1. Water absorption
2. Breaking load (transverse strength/ Flexural strength)
3. Permeability/Damp resistance
4. Resistant to wear, temperature changes
5. Impact resistance
6. Flatness
7. Quality and thickness of glaze
8. Sound insulation
9. Thermal insulation
10. Fire resistance
11. Smoothness
12. Hardness
13. Aesthetics
14. Cost

27
 Tests on tiles

1. Water absorption test

2. Permeability test

3. Breaking Load test/ Transverse strength test (Wet)/ Flexural Strength Test

4. Abrasion test

5. Impact test

28
 Water Absorption Test (IS 654)
• Tiles are dried at the temperature of 105˚C to 110˚C till they attain constant
weight
• Cooled and weighed (M1)
• Immersed in cool water at 27±2°C for 24 hours.
• Specimen is then weighed (M2) within 3 minutes after removing the specimen
from the water
• Percentage of water absorption

W = 100

29
 Permeability Test (IS 654)
Use rectangular trough of size equal to the
tile. Water tight sealing has to be applied.

Keep the tiles in similar position as in

application.

Perform the test at 27 ± 2˚C 65 ± 5 % RH

Pour water over the tile = 5 cm for a period

of six hours

Carefully examine the bottom of the tile for

dampness or leakage of water 30
 Breaking Load Test (IS 654)
Wet Transverse strength (IS 1237)
Flexural strength (IS 1478)
• Soak the tiles at 27 ± 2˚C in
water
• Load rate of 450 – 550 N/min
for IS 654 and IS 1478
• Load rate - not exceeding 2000
N/ min – for IS 1237)
• Note down the breaking load in
N (IS 654)
• f=3pl/2bt2 N/mm2 (IS 1237)

31
 Abrasion Test (IS 1237)
• Specimen - 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm (50 cm2)
• Dried at 110 ± 5˚C for 24 hours
• Thickness measuring apparatus – thickness at different locations.
• 20 g abrasive powder + load of 300 N on the specimen
• For every 22 rev. -change the abrasive charge and direction (90˚)
• Total rev- 220. Loss in weight is determined
• Wear in thickness is calculated as follows:
t=
t = average loss of thickness in mm
W1 = initial weight in g of specimen,
W2 = final weight in g of specimen
V1 = initial volume in cm3 of specimen
A = surface area in cm2 of the specimen 32
 Impact Test ( IS 1478)
• Steel balls - 35 mm dia, Mass – 170 g

• Tiles dried in oven at 100 – 110 °C and cool to room temp.

• Place the tiles (Upwards) over rubber sheet in turn rests on rigid surface.

• Steel ball is allowed to fall at the centre of the tile.

• Steel ball released from 7.5 cm height and increased until the specimen fails

• The maximum height of release of the test ball, which does cause a fracture in
33
the tile, shall be recorded in each case
 BIS Standards relevant to TILES

• Mangalore pattern clay Roofing tiles IS: 654

• Flat terracing tiles IS: 2690
• Ridge and Ceiling tiles IS: 1464
• Clay flooring tiles IS: 1478
• Cement concrete flooring tiles IS: 1237
• PVC asbestos floor tiles IS: 3461
• Hollow Clay tiles for floors and roofs IS: 3951
• Ceramic unglazed vitreous acid Resisting tiles IS 4457
• Ceramic tiles IS 13630
• Pressed Ceramic Tiles IS 15622

34