BRAINWARE

UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS(BSCG203)

STUDENT NAME : SOUVIK MONDAL

STUDENT CODE : BWU/BTS/23/406
SECTION :G
SEMISTERSTER :1st sem
YEAR:1st year
PROGRAM NAME:B.Tech(CSE)
Introduction to Protein
Structure
Proteins are large, complex molecules that play a vital role in the structure and
function of all living organisms. Understanding the intricate levels of protein
structure is essential for unraveling their diverse biological roles.

by Souvik Mondal
Primary Structure: Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acids 1
Proteins are made up of a linear chain
of amino acids, each with a unique
chemical structure and properties. 2 Sequence
The specific order of these amino
acids, known as the primary structure,
Diversity determines the protein's unique 3D
3
shape and function.
There are 20 common amino acids that
can be combined in trillions of unique
sequences, giving rise to the vast
diversity of proteins.
Secondary Structure: Alpha Helices and
Beta Sheets
Alpha Helices Beta Sheets Stabilizing Forces

This common secondary Parallel or anti-parallel Hydrogen bonds, van der

structure is formed by hydrogen bonding between Waals forces, and hydrophobic
hydrogen bonding between adjacent protein strands interactions work together to
adjacent amino acids, creating creates this pleated sheet-like stabilize these secondary
a spiral conformation. structure. structures.
Tertiary Structure: Folding and
Domains
1 Folding 2 Domains
The polypeptide chain folds into a Many proteins are composed of distinct
unique 3D shape driven by various structural and functional units called
interactions, including hydrogen bonds, domains, which can fold independently.
ionic bonds, and hydrophobic effects.

3 Stability
Tertiary structure is stabilized by a complex network of interactions, making the protein's 3D
shape essential for its function.
Quaternary Structure: Protein Complexes
Subunits
Some proteins are composed of multiple
polypeptide chains, known as subunits, that
assemble into a larger, functional complex.
Cooperativity
The subunits in a quaternary structure often
exhibit cooperative behavior, where the
binding of a ligand to one subunit affects the
others.
Interactions
The interactions between these subunits,
including hydrogen bonds and ionic
interactions, contribute to the overall
quaternary structure.
Regulation
Quaternary structure can be regulated by
various factors, allowing for dynamic control
of protein function and activity.
Factors Affecting Protein Structure

Temperature pH Solvent Mutations

Extremes in Changes in pH can The chemical Subtle changes in the
temperature can alter the ionization properties of the amino acid sequence
disrupt the delicate state of amino acid surrounding solvent, can drastically alter a
balance of interactions side chains, affecting such as water, can protein's structure and
that stabilize protein their interactions. influence protein function.
structure. folding and stability.
Importance of Protein Structure in
Biological Functions

Enzyme Activity Receptor Structural Transport

Binding Support
The precise 3D Membrane proteins
structure of an Specific protein Proteins like with unique
enzyme active site is conformations are collagen and actin structures facilitate
critical for its required for the provide structural the transport of
catalytic function. binding of ligands, integrity and molecules across
hormones, or other support to cells and cellular barriers.
biomolecules. tissues.