HISTORICAL

DEVELOPMENT OF
THE PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT
Pre-Colonial Period-Post EDSA Period
01
PRE-
COLONIAL
PERIOD
(before 1565)
Pre-Colonial Period
Before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in 1521,
there already existed a system of governance in the pre-
colonial Philippines.
The Philippines was an archipelago organized into
several independent and self-sufficient political units
known as the Barangay.
The stratification was based on class, which include:
nobility (Maharlika), freeman (Timawa), the serf (Aliping
Namamahay) , the slaves (Aliping Sagigilid)
02
SPANISH
PERIOD
(1565-1898)
Spanish Period
Ferdinand Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines in 1521
became the Spanish crown’s basis for the occupation of
the archipelago.
A number of expeditions were sent to formally colonize
the archipelago.
During Miguel de Lopez conquest of the islands in
1565 the formal establishment of the colonial
government take place.
Spanish Period
The precolonial government was characterized by
independent barangay, the Spaniards consolidated power
under a centralized government which was led by the
Governor-General.
The governor-general was likewise an all powerful
individual.
The Spaniards appointed the chieftains as the Cabeza de
Barangay.
Spanish Period
The unified barangays composed the pueblos or town
which were led by the Gobernadorcillo.
The consolidated towns then form into provinces which
could be categorized into:
• Alcadia –provinces fully subjugated headed by Alcalde
Mayor.
• Corrgimiento-provinces that were not entirely pacified
under Spanish authority led by Corregidor.
• Royal Audiencia- is an independent body created to hear
and solve cases.
03
REVOLUTIONA
RY PERIOD
(1868-1898)
Revolutionary Period
The Propaganda Movement, led by the key figures
such as Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graciano
Lopez Jaena advocated reforms such that the same rights
and freedoms being enjoyed in Spain would also be
granted to Filipinos.
However, the failure of the propaganda to initiate
changes in the society gave birth to a secret association
(KKK).
Revolutionary Period
The Katipunan was governed by the:
• Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)
• Sangguniang Balangay (Provincial Council)
• Sangguniang Bayan (Popular Council)
• Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council)
 The division of the Katipunan into two factions:
• Magdalo
• Magdiwang
Revolutionary Period
 On March 22, 1897, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was
elected as President.
 On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo established the Biak
na Bato Republic.
04
AMERICAN
PERIOD
(1898-1941)
American Period
 The signing of the Treaty of Paris signaled the end of
the Spanish-American War.
 William H. Taft became the first civil governor of the
Philippines.
 In 1902, the Philippine Act (Cooper Act) was enacted
which provide for the creation of the Philippine
legislature.
American Period
 By 1961,the Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)
provided for the reorganization of the Philippine
Legislature.
 Until in 1934, Tydings-McDuffie Act (Philippine
Independence Act)
 It established the Philippine Commonwealth.
 President Manuel Roxas and Vice Sergio Osmeña
headed the first Commomwealth government.
05
JAPANESE
PERIOD
(1941-1945)
Japanese Period
 The Japanese occupation of Manila signaled the
establishment of the Japanese Military Administration
on January 3, 1942
 The Philippine Executive Commission (PEC) a civil
government that would temporary rule the country.
 In 1943, a new constitution was promulgated.
 Jose P. Laurel served as its president also called the
second republic.
06
POST-WAR
PERIOD
(1946-1971)
Post-War Period
 The structure of postwar Philippine politics and
government was founded on the 1935 Constitution.
 The first president of the third republic was Manuel
Roxas, followed by Elpidio Quirino, Ramon
Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal
and the first term of Ferdinand Marcos.
07
MARTIAL LAW
ERA(1972-1981)
AND THE
FOURTH
REPUBLIC
(1981-1986)
Martial Law Era and The Fourth
 In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos was elected to the
Republic
presidency and his administration was characterized by
an:
• Increased agricultural productivity
• Massive infrastructure development
• Defining diplomatic policy
 Under Marcos administration, a new constitution was
adopted in 1973.
Martial Law Era and The Fourth
 The 1973 Constitution provided that the Philippines
Republic
will have a modified parliamentary form of
government.
 During Martial Law, the political rights and civil
liberties of the people as well as their human rights
were suppressed and violated.
 The EDSA People Power which ousted Marcos and
ended his dictatorial rule.
08
POST-EDSA
PERIOD
(1986-present)
Post –EDSA Period
 The period form 1986 onward is the restoration of the
democracy.
 A revolutionary government was created following
Corazon Aquino’s ascent to presidency.
 When the new Philippine Constitution was ratified in
1897, a democratic and republican government was
established.
Post –EDSA Period
 The POST-EDSA era also known as the Fifth
Republic.
 Corazon Aquino served as the first President of the fifth
republic followed by the late Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph
Estrada, Gloria Arroyo, the late Benigno Aquino, and
Rodrigo Duterte.
 Today, the Philippines is headed by Fernidand Marcos
Jr. , the 17th president of the Philippines.
B. FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT :
As to the number of rulers :
(The Aristotelian classification of
Monarchy, Aristocracy and
Democracy)
Monarc
hy
One virtuos person
rules, guided by a
law that calls for a
rotation in office and
directs decision
making to the public
interest.
Aristocr
acy
Ruled by the best
few who combined
personal merit and
wealth with the rule
in the public.
 Democr
•
acy
A perverted constitution
• Serves lawless greed of
the many poor of free
birth who constitute a
majority.
• A mob rule (mobocracy)
• Least bad of the perverted
constitution.
Trying to control
others through
shouting and
coercion is
destructive while
quiet words of
wisdom are more
powerful than
weapons of war.
The scripture
describes the
obligation for
Christians to stay
in submission to
the human
government
authorities.
 *MARAGTAS CODE (also known as the code of
Sumakwel)
1.–Deliberate refusal to work in the fields or to plant anything for daily subsistence is
a most serious crime which deserves severe penalty.
a) The lazy person shall be arrested, and sold to a rich family to serve as a slave and, as
value of work in the house and in the fields.
b) Later, when he has been trained to work and has come to love it, he shall be restored to
his family. The price paid for him shall be returned and he shall no longer be considered a
slave, but a ‘freeman‘ who has been regenerated and desires to live by the fruit of his
labor.
c) If much later it is found out that he has not reformed in any way and that he wastes his
time in idleness, he shall be arrested again by the authorities and sent to the forest. He
shall not be allowed to associate with the rest of the community because he is a bad
example.
 MARAGTAS CODE (also known as the code of
Sumakwel)
2.–ROBBERY of any sort shall be punished severely.
–The fingers of the thief shall be cut off.

3.–Only those who can support a family or several families can get married more
than one and have as many children as they can.

a) The poor family cannot have more than two children because it cannot support and
properly bring up in the community a greater number of children.
b) The children who cannot be supported by their parents shall be killed and thrown into
the river.
 MARAGTAS CODE (also known as the code of
Sumakwel)
4.–If a man has a child by a woman and he runs away to evade marriage, his child by
this woman shall be killed because it is difficult for a woman without a husband to
support a child.

a) The parents of the woman shall disinherit her.

b) The village authorities shall look for the man, and when they catch him and he still
refuses to marry, he shall be buried in the same grave.
CODE OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE I
You shall not kill, neither shall you steal, neither shall you do harm to the aged, lest you
incur the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall be condemned to death
by being drowned in the river, or in boiling water.

ARTICLE II
You shall obey. Let all your debts with the headman be met punctually. He who does not
obey shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall be
condemned to thrust his hand in boiling water thrice. For the second time, he shall be
beaten to death.
CODE OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE III
Obey you: let no one have women that are very young nor more than he can support; nor
be given to excessive lust. He who does not comply with, obey, and observe this order
shall be condemned to swim for three hours for the first time and for the second time, to
be beaten to death with sharp thorns.

ARTICLE IV
Observe and obey; let no one disturb the quiet of the graves. When passing by the caves
and trees where they are, give respect to them. He who does not observe this shall be
killed by ants, or beaten to death with thorns.
CODE OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE V
You shall obey; he who exchanges for food, let it be always done in accordance with his
word. He who does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who repeats the offense
shall be exposed for one day among ants.

ARTICLE VI
You shall be obliged to revere sights that are held in respect, such as those of trees of
recognized worth and other sights. He who fails to comply shall pay with one month's
work in gold or in honey.
CODE OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE VII
These shall be put to death; he who kills trees of venerable appearance; who shoot arrows
at night at old men and women; he who enters the houses of the headmen without
permission; he who kills a shark or a streaked cayman.

ARTICLE VIII
Slavery for a doam (a certain period of time) shall be suffered by those who steal away the
women of the headmen; by him who keep ill-tempered dogs that bite the headmen; by him
who burns the fields of another.
CODE OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE IX
All these shall be beaten for two days: who sing while traveling by night; kill the Manaul;
tear the documents belonging to the headmen; are malicious liars; or who mock the dead.

ARTICLE X
It is decreed an obligation; that every mother teach secretly to her daughters matters
pertaining to lust and prepare them for womanhood; let not men be cruel nor punish their
women when they catch them in the act of adultery. Whoever shall disobey shall be killed
by being cut to pieces and thrown to the caymans.
CODE OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE XI
These shall be burned: who by their strength or cunning have mocked at and escaped
punishment or who have killed young boys; or try to steal away the women of the elders.

ARTICLE XII
These shall be drowned: all who interfere with their superiors, or their owners or masters;
all those who abuse themselves through their lust; those who destroy their anitos (idols) by
breaking them or throwing them down.
CODE OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE XIII
All these shall be exposed to ants for half a day: who kill black cats during a new moon; or
steal anything from the chiefs or agorangs, however small the object may be.

ARTICLE XIV
These shall be made slave for life: who have beautiful daughters and deny them to the
sons of chiefs, and with bad faith hide them away.
CODE OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE XV
Concerning beliefs and superstitions; these shall be beaten: who eat the diseased flesh of
beasts which they hold in respect, or the herb which they consider good, who wound or
kill the young of the Manaul, or the white monkey.

ARTICLE XVI
The fingers shall be cut-off: of all those who break idols of wood and clay in their
alangans and temples; of those who destroy the daggers of the tagalons, or break the
drinking jars of the latter.
CODE OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE XVII
These shall be killed: who profane sites where idols are kept, and sites where are buried
the sacred things of their diwatas and headmen. He who performs his necessities in those
places shall be burned.

ARTICLE XVIII
Those who do not cause these rules to be obeyed: if they are headmen, they shall be put to
death by being stoned and crushed; and if they are agorangs they shall be placed in rivers
to be eaten by sharks and caymans.
TREATY OF PARIS
Article 1 – Spanish relinquishment of sovereignty claim to Cuba and occupation of
Cuba by the U.S.
Article 2 – Spanish cession of Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.
Article 3 – Spanish cession of the Philippines to the U.S. payment by the U.S. of
$20,000,000
Article 4 – Spanish shipping in the Philippines
Article 5 – Repatriation of Spanish soldiers and sailors captured at Manila;
removal of Spanish forces from the Philippines and Guam; future of Spanish
arms, equipment and supplies
Article 6 – Release of all prisoners, including those involved in the insurrections
in Cuba and the Philippines, held by Spain; the U.S. to do the same and also to
encourage insurrectionist forces to do likewise.
TREATY OF PARIS
Article 7 – Both sides to relinquish all claims of loss
Article 8 – Forts and other permanent installations, archives, and personal
property
Article 9 – Rights of Spanish citizens and native peoples in ceded lands
Article 10 – Freedom of religion
Article 11 – Courts
Article 12 – Judicial proceedings
Article 13 – Copyrights, patents, and artistic works
Article 14 - Spanish ability to appoint consular offices
Article 15 – Rights of merchant vessels
Article 16 – Cuba after U.S. occupation
Article 17 – Treaty ratification
Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law 1916)
• https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/

• Tydings-McDuffie Act (Philippine Independence

Act)
• https://loveman.sdsu.edu/docs/1934PhilippineIndep.pdf
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