Seven Quality Control Tools

Presented to
DR.MAHR MUHAMMAD SAEED
Presented by
Mamoona Shahzad
MP/2012-27
 Objective

 Present an overview of Seven Quality Tools

 Address purpose and applications

 Highlight benefits
7 QC Tools
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 What are 7 QC Tools ?
QC tools are the means for Colleting
data , analyzing data , identifying root
causes and measuring the results.
Numerical DATA processing

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 Control Chart
Pareto Chart

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* *
* *
* **
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Scatter Plot Data Collecting Ishikawa Chart

Stratification
Histogram

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 7 QC TOOLS
• Pareto Diagram
• Stratification
•Scatter Diagram
•Cause and Effect Diagram
•Histogram

•Check Sheet
•Control Chart

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 Pareto Diagram

1. What is Pareto diagram ?

A Pareto diagram is a combination of bar and

line graphs of accumulated data, where data
associated with a problem:
 A defect found
Mechanical failure
Complaint from a customer
These are divided into smaller groups by
cause.
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 Pareto Diagram
Method Usage
 Used to identify a problem.
Pareto Diagram Used to identify the cause
(No. of Occurrences) of a problem.
Used to review the effects
of an action to be taken.
Used to prioritize actions.
Result
Allows clarification
of important tasks.
Allows identification
of a starting point
(which task to start
with).
Allows projection of
the effects of a
measure to be taken
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 Stratification

1. What is Stratification ?

Stratification means to “divide the whole into

smaller portions according to certain criteria.” In
case of quality control, stratification generally
means to divide data into several groups
according to common factors or tendencies (e.g.,
type of defect and cause of defect).

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 Stratification

Method Usage Result

Grouping by day, •Used to observe variations
•Allows observation
time, place, worker, among strata.
or process •Used to identify the
of variations among
strata.
relationship between cause
•By performing a
Number of Units
and effect.
•Used to identify a purpose
cause analysis using
X ★★★★★★★ the stratified data, the
and means to serve the
following can be
purpose
Y △△△△ accomplished.
1.Identification and control of a
Z ○○○
problem
2.“Division of data (obtained by
using each QC tool) into several
groups”

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 Scatter Diagram

1. What is Scatter Diagram ?

A scatter diagram is used to “examine the

relationship between the two, paired,
interrelated data types, ” such as “height and
weight of a person.” A scatter diagram
provides a means to find whether or not
these two data types are interrelated. It is
also utilized to determine how closely they
are related to identify a problem point that
should be controlled or improved.
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 Scatter Diagram

ｙ Axis
Abrasion (micron)

x Axis
Number of
Rotations

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 Scatter Diagram

Method Usage Result

•Used to identify a •Can identify cause
relationship between two and effect relation.
Scatter Diagram matters. •Can understand the
ｙ Axis •Establish relationship
countermeasures based between two
on their cause and effect results.
Abrasion

relation.

x Axis
Number of
Rotations

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 Cause & Effect Diagram

1. What is Cause & effect Diagram ?

A cause and effect diagram is “a fish-bone diagram

that presents a systematic representation of the
relationship between the effect and affecting
factors.

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 Cause & Effect Diagram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?

A cause and effect diagram is mainly

used to study the cause of a certain
matter. As mentioned above, the use of
a cause and effect diagram allows
clarification of causal relation for
efficient problem solving. It is also
effective in assessing measures
developed and can be applied to other
fields according to your needs.
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 Cause & Effect Diagram

Method Usage Result

Used when
Can obtain a clear
overall picture of
clarifying a cause
Cause and Effect and effect
causal relation. (A
change in the cause
Diagram relationship.[Used triggers a variation in
Machine Man
during a phase to the result.)
analyze causes.] Can clarify the cause
and effect
Used to develop
Effect

relationship.
countermeasures.
Can list up all causes
Material Method to identify important
Cause (4M’s) Result causes.
(Controlled State)
Can determine the
direction of action

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 Cause & Effect Diagram
Mechanism of Quality of
Copying Machine Copying Paper
Malfunction of
Running out
Smudges on the the roller
of stock
copied surface

Many Copying Errors!

Printing too Too thin
Internal devices not lightly
working smoothly Dampened
Folded

Deterioration of
Error in
performance due
Keyboard handling placement of Dirt on the
to high
error paper (setting glass
temperatures
its face up) surface
Error in selecting a
Dust
scale of reduction Error in Nicotine-
selecting stained
shading
User Surrounding
Environment

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 Histogram

1. What is Histogram ?

Histograms are used to chart the frequency

of occurrence.
How often does something happen?
Frequency distribution diagrams

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 Histogram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?

A histogram is mainly used to analyze a

process by examining the location of the
mean value in the graph or degree of
variations, to find a problem point that
needs to be improved.

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 Histogram

Method Usage Result

•Used to assess the actual
•Can identify the
conditions.
Histogram •Used to analyze a process to
location of the mean
Standard
(central) value or
Range
identify a problem point that
degree of variations.
needs to be improved by
•Can find out the
finding the location of the
scope of a defect by
mean value or degree of
inserting standard
variations in the graph.
values.
ActuallyUsed to examine that the
•
X Axis (Values

Range of •Can identify the

Variations target quality is maintained
Measured)

condition of
throughout the process.
distribution (e.g.,
whether there is an
isolated, extreme
value).

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 Flowchart

 Flowcharts are pictorial representations

of a processes. By braking the
processes down into its constituent
steps, flowcharts can be useful in
identifying where errors are likely to
be found in the system.

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Flow Chart
 Check Sheet
1. What is Check sheet ?

A check sheet is “a sheet designed in advance to

allow easy collection and aggregation of data.” By
just entering check marks on a check sheet, data
can be collected to extract necessary information,
or a thorough inspection can be performed in an
efficient manner, eliminating a possibility of
skipping any of the required inspection items.
A check sheet is also effective in performing
stratification (categorization).
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 Check Sheet

2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?

It is frequently used in daily business

operations, often not specifically for
QC purposes.

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 Check Sheet

Method Usage Result

 Ensures collection
Check Sheet Used to collect of required data.
Day data.
Process  Allows a thorough
Process 1
Used when inspection of all
Process 2
performing a check items.
thorough
Process 3
inspection.  Can understand
tendencies and
variations.
Can record
required data.

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 Check Sheet

A check sheet used to identify defects

Date
Total
Defect

Vertical Scratch

Scratch

Dent

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 Run Chart
 Records the output results of a process over
time.
 What is happening in the process as time
goes by.
 Control Chart

1. What is Control Chart ?

A control chart is used to examine a process to see if

it is stable or to maintain the stability of a process.
This method is often used to analyze a process. To
do so, a chart is created from data collected for a
certain period of time, and dots plotted on the chart
are examined to see how they are distributed or if they
are within the established control limit. After some
actions are taken to control and standardize various
factors, this method is also used to examine if a
process is stabilized by these actions, and if so, to
keep the process in a stable state.
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 Control Chart
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?

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 Control Chart
Method Usage Result
Used to observe a Can identify a change
Control Chart
caused by elapse of
change caused by
time.
elapse of time.
Can judge the
process if it is in its
normal state or there
x-R Control Chart
are some anomalies
by examining the dots
plotted on the chart.

Control Chart for Managerial Purposes: Extends the line indicating the control limit used for
analytical purposes to plot data obtained daily to keep a process in a good state.

Control Chart for Analytical Purposes: Examines a process if it is in a controlled state by

collecting data for a certain period of time. If the process is not controlled, a survey is
performed to identify its cause and develop countermeasures.
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 Control Chart
Examples of Values
Represented by Dots

Values above the

control limit
represented by
seven
consecutive dots

x- Control Chart
A decline
represented by
seven
consecutive dots

Group Number

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Management’s Role
 Summary 1-2
 The tools listed above are ideally utilized in
a particular methodology, which typically
involves either reducing the process
variability or identifying specific problems in
the processes. However, other methodologies
may need to be developed to allow for
sufficient customization to a certain specific
process. In any case, the tools should be
utilized to ensure that all attempts at process
improvement include.
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 Summary 2-2
 Furthermore, it is important to more
that the mere use of quality control
tools does not necessarily constitutes a
quality program. Thus, to achieve
lasting improvements in quality, it is
essential to establish a system that will
continuously promote quality in all
aspects of its operation.
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Thank
You