Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering

Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Forward Error Correction Control For 5G Small Cell

Network

MAHNAS T 1DS20ET043
PRERAN K 1DS20ET052
SHREERAM BG 1DS20ET068
VARUN N 1DS20ET078

Under the guidance

Mr. CHETAN UMADI

Assistant Professor
ABSTRACT
In this project we are going to evaluate the efficiency of FEC coding. To evaluate it we are
going to transfer data from source to destination. Before receiving the data in the destination
we create packet loss in queue. Thus after creating packet loss, we receive the remaining
packets in the destination. Then we recover the lost Packets in the destination and evaluate
FEC’s performance. We propose a model-based analytic approach for evaluating the overall
efficacy of FEC coding combined with interleaving in combating packet losses in networks.
The loss of various packets during the data transmission can be reduced by using FEC coding
In this project we are going to evaluate the efficacy of FEC coding.
We develop a procedure for the exact evaluation of the packet-loss, based on a framework. We
choose the key coding parameters; specifically, interleaving depths, channel coding rates and
block lengths appropriately in order to attain high performance.
INTRODUCTION

What is FEC?
Forward error correction (FEC) is a method for obtaining error control in data transmission in which the source
(transmitter) sends redundant data and the destination (receiver) recognizes only the portion of the data that
contains no apparent errors.

Why do we use FEC?

FEC is an effective digital signal processing method that improves the bit error rate of communication links by
adding redundant information.

Difference b/w Forward and Backwards Error

Forward Error Correction (FEC): In FEC, extra bits are added to the transmitted data to detect and correct errors
at the receiving end without the need for retransmission. It is a proactive approach that aims to correct errors
before they affect the data.

Backward Error Correction (BEC): In BEC, if errors are detected at the receiving end, a request is sent back to the
sender to retransmit the corrupted data. BEC is a reactive approach that relies on retransmission to correct errors.
INTRODUCTION

Nature of Packet-Switched Networks: Packet-switched networks like IP networks are prone to packet losses
due to various factors such as buffer overflow, bit errors, CRC failures, and congestion.
NATURE OF FEC:
1. Role of FEC: FEC coding is proposed to address packet losses by adding redundancy to transmitted
data. This redundancy allows receivers to detect and correct errors without needing retransmission
from the sender.
2. Benefits of FEC: FEC allows error correction without requiring a reverse channel for retransmission,
making it suitable for one-way communication links and multicast transmission.
3. Implementation and Applications: FEC processing can be applied to digital bit streams or in
demodulation of digitally modulated carriers. It's widely used in modems and mass storage devices for
data recovery.
4. Performance: Advanced FEC systems approach the theoretical maximum information transfer rate
defined by the noisy-channel coding theorem. Different FEC codes are suitable for different error
conditions.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
❖ Data Loss : Data loss refers to the unintended or accidental loss of information or data. It can occur due to
various reasons such as hardware failures, software glitches, human errors, or malicious activities.
❖ Data Duplication:Data duplication involves the existence of identical copies of the same data in multiple
locations or within the same database. It can lead to inconsistencies, confusion, and inefficiencies in data
management.
❖ VoLTE (Voice over LTE):VoLTE is a technology that enables voice calls to be transmitted over the LTE
(Long-Term Evolution) network, which is a standard for wireless broadband communication.
❖ 3-Way Handshake:The 3-way handshake is a communication process used in networking protocols (such
as TCP) to establish a reliable and synchronized connection between two devices.
Steps:SYN (Synchronize): The initiating device sends a synchronization request to the receiving device to
initiate a connection.
SYN-ACK (Synchronize-Acknowledge): The receiving device responds with a synchronization
acknowledgment, indicating its readiness to establish a connection.

ACK (Acknowledge): The initiating device acknowledges the response from the receiving device, and the
connection is established
OBJECTIVE
1)It is a model-based analytic approach for evaluating the overall efficiency of FEC coding more
accurately than any existing system.

2)Requires the study both single-session and multiple-session scenarios, and we reduce the complexity
in multiple-session scenario.

3)The model has great potential in recovering the packet losses caused by congestion at a bottleneck
node of a packet-switched network, provided that the coding rate and other coding parameters are
appropriately chosen.

4)It show that the unified approach provides an integrated framework for exploring the tradeoffs
between the key coding parameters: specifically, Interleaving depths, channel coding rates and block lengths
LITERATURE SURVEY
1.C.-S. Choi, H. Lee, N. Kaneda, and Y.-K. Chen, “Concatenated nonbinary LDPC and HD-FEC codes for
100Gb/s optical transport systems,” in Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2014 IEEE International Symposium
on, may 2017, pp. 1783 –1786
This paper reviews 3rd generation FEC codes for high-speed optical networks, addressing challenges like chromatic
dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. These codes, mostly utilizing soft-decision decoders, offer higher
coding gain compared to previous generations. The study categorizes and compares these codes based on features
like net coding gain and bit-error-rate, while also considering their complexity.
2. A. Tychopoulos, O. Koufopaulou, and I. Tomkos, “FEC in optical communications - A tutorial overview on
the evolution of architectures and the future prospects of out band and in band FEC for optical
communications,” IEEE Circuits and Devices, vol. 22, pp. 79–86, 2015
The rapid evolution of FEC technologies in optical communications over a decade and a half reflects intense
research activity. FEC is pivotal for ensuring high QoS and system reliability. Hybrid FEC schemes, along with
equalizers, promise affordable and scalable metro networks. Optical networking is set to expand further, shaping the
future of telecommunications infrastructure.
3. . A. Morero, M. A. Castrillon, T. A. Goette, M. G. Schnidrig, F. A. A. Ramos, and M. Rafael, “Non
concatenated FEC codes for ultra-high speed optical transport networks,” U.S. Patent US 2015/0 221 914 A1,
2014
This paper presents a specialized FEC code designed for high-speed optical transport networks, targeting a
significant coding gain at a very low bit error rate. It also introduces a simplified error correction method to
enhance performance, particularly crucial for achieving ultra-low error rates.
Advantage of Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Real-time Correction: FEC can correct errors on the fly as the data is received, providing immediate and
continuous error correction without waiting for a retransmission cycle.
Reduced Latency: Since FEC doesn't require waiting for retransmission, it helps minimize communication
delays, making it suitable for applications where low latency is crucial, such as streaming or real-time
communication.
Bandwidth Efficiency: FEC is efficient in terms of bandwidth usage because it allows for error correction
within the original transmission, avoiding the need for additional data requests or retransmissions.
Improved Reliability: FEC improves the reliability of data transmission by ensuring that errors are corrected
at the receiver, even in the presence of noise or interference.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
METHODOLOGY
FEC Encoder:

● FEC is a system of error control for data transmission, where the sender adds redundant data to its messages.
● This allows the receiver to detect and correct errors without the need to ask the sender for additional data.
● The binary conversion is done for each and every character in the input file. Then we add the redundant data for each bit
of the binary.
● We use the Swing package available in Java to design the User Interface

Interleaver:

● Interleaving is a way of arranging data in a non-contiguous way in order to increase performance.

● It is used in data transmission to protest against burst errors. In this module arrange the data (shuffling) to avoid burst errors
which is useful to increase the performance of FEC Encoding
● In this module we shuffle the bits inside a single block in order to convert burst errors into random errors.
● This shuffling process is done for each and every block comes from the FEC Encoder. Then we create a Socket connection to
transfer the blocks from Source to Queue.
METHODOLOGY
Implementation of the Queue:

● In this module we receive the data from the Source system. This data is the blocks after FEC Encoding and Interleaving
processes are done.
● These blocks come from the Source system through Server Socket and Socket. Server socket and Socket are classes available
inside Java.
● These two classes are used to create a connection between two systems inside a network for data transmission.
● After we receive the packets from Source, we create packet loss. Packet loss is a process of deleting the packets randomly. After
creating loss we send the remaining blocks to the Destination through the socket connection.

De-Interleaver:

● This module receives the blocks of data from the Queue through the socket connection. These blocks are the remaining packets
after the loss in the Queue.
● In this module we re arrange the data packets inside a block in the order in which it is before Interleaving. This process of
Interleaving and De-Interleaving is done to convert burst errors into random errors.
● After De-Interleaving the blocks are arranged in the original order. Then the data blocks are sent to the FEC Decoder.
METHODOLOGY
FEC Decoder:

● This module gets the input from the De-Interleaver. The received packets are processed to remove the original bits
from it.
● Thus we recover the original bits of a character in this module. After retrieving the original bits, we convert it to
characters and write it inside a text file.

Performance Evaluation:

● In this module we calculate the overall performance of FEC Coding in recovering the packet losses.
● After retrieving the original bits, we convert it to characters and write it inside a text file. This performance is
calculated by using the coding parameters like Coding rate, Interleaving depth, Block length and several other
parameters.
● First we calculate the amount of packet loss and with it we use various formulas to calculate the overall performance of
Forward Error Correction in recovering the network packet losses.
Project Output
Project Output
Application
Wireless Communication:

Mobile Networks: FEC is used in mobile communication systems, such as 3G, 4G, and 5G, to enhance the reliability of data
transmission over radio waves.

Storage Systems:In storage systems, like hard drives and optical storage devices, FEC is employed to enhance data integrity and ensure
that stored information can be retrieved accurately.

Digital Broadcasting:FEC is used in digital television and radio broadcasting to improve the quality of received signals and correct
errors introduced during transmission.

Ethernet Networks:FEC can be implemented in Ethernet networks, particularly in high-speed and long-distance links, to improve data
transmission reliability.