SECTION 3

Metabolism

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 Introduction
✔ Some organisms use energy-converting reactions to
produce light in a process called bioluminescence.
– Many marine invertebrates and fishes use
bioluminescence to hide themselves from predators.
– Scientists estimate that 90% of deep-sea marine life
produces bioluminescence.
✔ The light is produced from chemical reactions that
convert chemical energy into visible light.

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Bioluminescent Acetabularia & Squid

▪ Bioluminescence is an example of the multitude of

energy conversions that a cell can perform.
▪ Many of a cell’s reactions
– take place in organelles and
– use enzymes embedded in the membranes of these
organelles.
▪ This chapter addresses how working cells use
membranes, energy, and enzymes.
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Railway Network Map vs Metabolic Network Map

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Catabolism & Anabolism 4
How Cells Extract Chemical Energy

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Catabolism Anabolism
degradative synthetic
oxidative reductive
energy producing (exergonic) energy requiring (endergonic)
convergent divergent
makes pool molecules uses pool molecules
produces NADH & NADPH uses NADPH almost exclusively

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 Catabolism
Cellular Respiration

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An Overview of Cell Respiration

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The Fate of Pyruvate and NADH Produced by Glycolysis

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The Glycolytic Pathway

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The Oxidation of Pyruvate

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An Overview of the Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle: The Reactions

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 CoA SH

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 Citric Acid Cycle:Balance Sheet

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 Electron Transport Chain
•Location:
• Eukaryotes: cristae of the mitochondria
• Aerobic Prokaryotes: plasma membrane
•Series of carrier molecules:
• Pass energy rich electrons along
• Complex arrays of protein and cytochromes
­ Cytochromes are respiratory molecules
­ Complex carbon rings with metal atoms in center
•Receives electrons from NADH & FADH2
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The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

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Overall Energy Yielded per 1 Glucose Molecule

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 Proses Hasil Jumlah ATP
Glikolisis 2 Asam Piruvat
2 NADH = 2 x 3 ATP 6 ATP
2 ATP 2 ATP
2 H2O
Dekarboksilasi 2 CO2
Oksidatif
2 NADH 6 ATP
Siklus Krebs 4 CO2
2 FADH2 4 ATP
6 NADH 18 ATP
2 ATP 2 ATP
2 H2O
Transpor Elektron 2 H2O
Total Akhir 6 CO2 , 6 H2O 38 ATP
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 When oxygen is limited, what it happens?
When oxygen limited:
• Spent hydrogens have no acceptor
• NADH can’t recycle back to NAD +

• Glycolysis stops because NAD required

+

Fermentation:
• “Anaerobic” pathway
• Can provide rapid burst of ATP
• Provides NAD+ for glycolysis
• NADH combines with pyruvate to yield NAD
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 Fermentation
• Pyruvate reduced by NADH to:
• Lactate
­ Animals & some bacteria
­ Cheese & yogurt; sauerkraut
• Ethanol & carbon dioxide
­ Yeasts
­ Bread and alcoholic beverages
• Allows glycolysis to proceed faster than O2 can be obtained
• Anaerobic exercise
• Lactic acid accumulates
• Causes cramping and oxygen debt
• When O2 restored, lactate broken down to acetyl-CoA and metabolized 25
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 Efficiency of Fermentation

InLine Figure 143

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 Anabolism
Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 12H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

carbon water glucose water
oxygen dioxide

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• Photosynthesis
– Is the process that converts solar energy
into chemical energy
• Plants and other autotrophs
– Are the producers of the biosphere
• Plants are photoautotrophs
– They use the energy of sunlight to
make organic molecules from water
and carbon dioxide

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Journey into a leaf

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Photosystem Components

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Photosystem I and II

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 The Two Stages of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis consists of two processes cyclic
– The light reactions photophosphorilation
– The Calvin cycle non cyclic
• The light reactions
– Take place in the grana of the chloroplast
– Split water, release oxygen
– Convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
• The Calvin cycle
– The location is stroma of chloroplast
– Forms sugar from carbon dioxide, using ATP for energy and NADPH
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 Photophosphorilation
&
Clavin’s Cycle
Overview of photosynthesis

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The Light Reaction
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Z diagram of photosystems I and II
Z The Light Reaction
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The Calvin Cycle – The Dark Reactions

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Photorespiration = C2 Photosynthesis

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Photorespiration in C3 and C4 Plants

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Photorespiration in CAM Plants

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THANK YOU!
Do You Have Any Questions?