SECTION 2

The Working Cell

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 OUR DI SC U SSI O NS

3. Membrane Transport
• Passive and Active Transport
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis
4. Biological Example of
• Diffusion
1. Cell Membrane Structure • Osmosis
• Phospholipid Bilayer
• Protein and Carbohydrat
2. Intra and Extra Cellulair
• ECM
• Cell Junctions
• Membrane Proteins

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 Introduction

✔ Cells control their chemical environment

using
• Energy
• Enzymes
• The plasma membrane
✔ Working cells must control the flow of
materials to and from the environment.
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A Cell Does Three Main Types of Cellular Work

• Chemical work
From sucrose to glucose
and fructose

• Mechanical work
Muscle movement

• Transport work
The flow of materials into
and out of the cell

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 Kinetic Energy
Energy
Potensial Energy

A B
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 Energy – The Law of Thermodynamics

Heat

Chemical
energy

(a) First law of thermodynamics (b) Second law of thermodynamics

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 Enzym and Activation Energy
Activation
energy barrier Activation
energy barrier
Enzyme reduced by
enzyme

Reactan Reactan
t t
Energy

Energy
level

level
Products Products

(a) Without (b) With enzyme

enzyme
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 How an enzyme works
Sucrase can accept a Substrate (sucrose)
Active site molecule of its substrate
Substrate binds
to the enzyme

Enzyme
(sucrase
)

Fructose
H2
Glucose O

The products
are released The enzyme
catalyzes the
chemical reaction

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CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION
just review …

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CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
▪ Membranes are composed of:
✔ a bilayer of phospholipids
✔ embedded and attached proteins
✔ in a structure biologists call a fluid mosaic

▪ Many phospholipids are made from unsaturated fatty acids that have kinks in their tails
▪ These kinks prevent phospholipids from packing tightly together, keeping them in liquid form
▪ In animal cell membranes, cholesterol helps:
✔ stabilize membranes at warmer temperatures
✔ keep the membrane fluid at lower temperatures

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 CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Enzymatic
Fibers of activity
extracellular
matrix (ECM) Phospholipid
Cell-cell
Cholesterol recognition

Receptor
Signaling
molecule

Intercellular
ATP junctions
Transport
Glycoprotein
Signal
Attachment to the cytoskeleton transduction Microfilaments
and extracellular matrix (ECM) of cytoskeleton CYTOPLASM

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CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION

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CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
1. Some proteins help maintain cell shape and coordinate changes inside and
outside the cell through their attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular
matrix
2. Some proteins function as receptors for chemical messengers from other cells
3. Some membrane proteins function as enzymes
4. Some membrane glycoproteins are involved in cell-cell recognition
5. Membrane proteins may participate in the intercellular junctions that attach adjacent
cells to each other
6. Membranes may exhibit selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross
more easily than others
a. Nonpolar molecules (CO2 and O2) cross easily
b. Polar molecules (glucose and other sugars) do not cross easily
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THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) OF ANIMAL CELLS
• Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM)
• The ECM is made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
• ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins

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 CELL JUNCTIONS Tight junctions
prevent fluid from
moving across a
layer of cells
• Neighboring cells in an animal or plant
often adhere, interact, and communicate
Tight junction
through direct physical contact
Intermediate
filaments

• There are several types of intercellular Desmosome

junctions that facilitate this Gap
junction
– Plasmodesmata
– Tight junctions
– Desmosomes Ions or small
molecules
– Gap junctions Plasma Extracellular
matrix
membranes of
adjacent cells Space
between
cells

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 The functions of membrane proteins
Enzymes
MEMBRANE PROTEINS

ATP

(a) Transport (b) Enzymatic activity (c) Attachment to the

cytoskeleton and extra-
cellular matrix (ECM)

Signaling
molecule
Receptor

Glyco-
protein

(d) Cell-cell recognition (e) Intercellular joining (f) Signal transduction

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

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Overview of Membrane
Transport

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 ol ecul es Transport
The Smal l M
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• is the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available
space
DIFFUSION • Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient, from where
it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated

• is the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

• Water diffuses across a membrane from the region of lower solute
OSMOSIS concentration to the region of higher solute concentration until the solute
concentration is equal on both sides

FACILITATED • Passive Transport Aided by Proteins

• transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the
DIFFUSION plasma membrane

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Molecules of dye Membrane (cross section) Lower Higher More similar
concentration concentration concen-
of solute of solute trations of solute
(sugar)

WATER Sugar
molecul
e
H2
Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium O Selectively
permeable
(a) Diffusion of one solute membrane

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Osmosis
(b) Diffusion of two solutes

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Osmosis 23
Osmotic Effects on Cells Water Balance of Cells

Contractile vacuola

Osmoregulation, the control of

solute concentrations and water
balance, is a necessary
adaptation for life in such
environments

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Diffusion Across Lung Osmosis after Swimming

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SIMPLE DIFFUSION vs FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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 Simple Facilitated Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion with A Carrier Protein with A Channel Protein

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 c u l e s Tra n s p o r t
T h e S m a ll M o le ACTIVE TRANSPORT

• Some transport proteins,

however, can move solutes
against their concentration
gradients
• Active transport moves
substances against their
concentration gradients
• Active transport requires
energy, usually in the form
of ATP

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 rge M o l e c u l e s Tra n sp o rt
T h e La s i s
E ndo c y to
Receptor-
Mediated
Exocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Endocytosis

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Continue ….

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 Summary of Membrane Transport

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ACTIVE PROCESSES

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THANK YOU!
Do You Have Any Questions?