Inorganic Chemistry

Prof. Benilda Ramos-Butron

CHEMISTRY

• Chemistry is the study of matter and

how it changes and interacts with other
matter
MATTER
• MATTER IS THE STUFF AROUND YOU
Anything that takes up space or has a mass of
any kind is matter.
• It can have PHYSICAL properties like different
densities, melting points, boiling points,
freezing points, color or smells.
• It can have CHEMICAL properties that define
matter. A good example of chemical properties
is the way elements combine with each other
in reactions.
Properties of Matter
Nuclear Notation
STATES OF MATTER
• There are three main STATES of matter. SOLIDS,
LIQUIDS, & GASES (and plasma)
• ELEMENTS and compounds can move from one
phase to another when special physical forces are
present
– ex. temperature
• Phase describes a PHYSICAL state of matter. If energy
is added or taken away, the state of matter is
changed.
• CHEMICAL FORCES DO NOT CHANGE THE STATE!
Changes Matter Undergoes
ATOMS

• The smallest unit of matter having protons,

electrons, and neutrons.
• Atoms are the basis for everything in the
universe
• The center is the NUCLEUS.
• There are equal numbers of electrons and
protons
John Dalton’s atomic theory

• 1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible

and indestructible.
• 2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass
and properties
• 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two
or more different kinds of atoms.
• 4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.
Electron Configuration

Note:
s = 2e-
p = 6e-
d = 10e-
f = 14e-
Formation of Ion
• A normal atom has a NEUTRAL
charge.
– has a number of electrons
equal to the ATOMIC
NUMBER.
• ION: a charged atom. Missing or
has extra electron(s)
• Cation – positively charged atom
• Anion – negatively charged atom
COMPOUNDS
• When two or more elements come together it is called a
COMPOUND
• No matter what atoms are
in a compound, they all
want to be "happy".
• A happy atom is one with
the right number of
ELECTRONS in the outer
ORBITAL
• That desire to be happy is
why some elements only
combine with a few other
elements. Not all
elements can make each
other "happy".
Valence electrons

• The valence electrons would give the general

tendency of an atom to make a compound
IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT BOND

• ELECTROVALENCE is just another word for

something that has given up its electron and become
an ion
• Ionic bonds happen when electrons are given up by
one atom to another
COVALENT BOND

• Covalent compounds happen when the electrons are

shared by the atoms
Formula Writing
Nomenclature of Compounds

• Refers to the proper naming of

compounds/molecules based on rules set by the
IUPAC
• Knowledge of elemental properties is a must
Others:
• Hund’s Rule – there is one electron first before there
is any pairing
• Aufbau order – means “building up,” refers to the
order of occupancy of sublevels
• Periodic Law – some of the physical and many of the
chemical properties of the elements are periodic
functions of their atomic number
• Pauli’s Exclusion Principle – no two electrons in any
given atom can have exactly the same set of
quantum numbers
Others:
• Metallic properties
• Atomic size
• Ionic size
• Ionization energy – is the amount of energy required to
remove an electron from an atom or ion
• Electron affinity – the amount of energy released when an
atom gains an electron
• Electronegativity – general tendency of that atom to attract
electrons toward itself in a compound
• Oxidation number/state – positive or negative value that not
only describes the combining capacity of an atom but also
gives an indication of how the electrons are arranged in a
compound
Trends in the Periodic Table
1. Which of the following would best exemplify
a chemical change?
A. Mastication of ingested food
B. Mixing waves and peristalsis of the GI tract
C. Haustral churning of the colon
D. Production of chyme in the stomach
2. What is exemplified by mass, volume, and
length?
A. Chemical properties of matter
B. Intrinsic properties of matter
C. Extrinsic properties of matter
D. Intensive properties of matter
3. What is the name of the compound HClO?

A. Hypochlorous acid
B. Chlorous acid
C. Chloric acid
D. Hyperchloric acid
4. Which of the following pairs would share
electrons?
A. Aluminum and chlorine
B. Hydrogen and chlorine
C. Potassium and hydrogen
D. Mercury and oxygen
5. Which of the following would have the
correct sequence of elements according to
increasing electron affinity?
A. Cr, Mn, Fe, Co
B. Co, Fe, Mn, Cr
C. Mn, Cr, Fe, Co
D. Fe, Cr, Mn, Co
6. Which of the following statements is true
regarding how atomic size affects ionization of
the same atom?
A. Large atoms easily gains an electron with less
energy expenditure.
B. Large atoms easily loses an electron with less
energy expenditure.
C. Large atoms are usually inert to ionization.
D. Small atoms regardless of the number of electrons
easily loses and gains electrons with less energy
expenditure.
7. What orbital would the outermost electron
of rubidium would be located?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
8. Which is following is the last electron
configuration of chlorine?
A. 3s2 3p5
B. 3s2 2d5
C. 3s1 3p6
D. 4s2 3p5
9. In making breakfast, 2 eggs were (1) cracked
open and contents were placed in a bowl. A
(2)pinch of salt was added and it was (3)beaten
until frothy. Finally, this was (4) cooked using
the oven for 30 seconds. Which of the process
permanently changed the identity of the egg?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
10. Which of the following elements is the
most metallic?
A. Mg
B. K
C. Rb
D. Cs