Wireless Application Protocol(WAP)

• Wireless Application Protocol or WAP is a set

of communication protocols based on the
concept of the World Wide Web (WWW
• WAP is a protocol designed for micro-
browsers, and it enables the mobile devices to
transmit information over the Internet.
• It has ability to create web applications for
mobile devices.
Working of Wireless Application Protocol or WAP
Model

• WAP model comprises of 3-Levels that

are : Client, Gateway and Origin Server.
• The WAP user agent sends a request via
mobile to WAP gateway by using encoded
WAP protocol i.e. called as encoding request.
• The encoding request is translated through
WAP gateway and is further forwarded in the
form of HTTP request to the server side where
scripts are available.
• Response from the scripts and content is
picked up as requested response, through
HTTP and is forwarded to the WAP gateway
once again.
• The required HTTP response is then forwarded
in decode format to the client protocol stack as
the final response for the initial request made
by client.
• Advantages : Wireless Application Protocol
• Fast technology.
• Open source-Free.
• Can be implemented on multiple platform.
• Independent of network standard.
• Higher controlling options.
• Applications : Wireless Application Protocol
• E-mails access.
• Weather forecasting.
• Flight information.
• Movie & cinema information.
• Traffic updates.
• Disadvantages : Wireless Application Protocol
• Fast Technology.
• Less Secured.
• User interface(UI) is small.
• Less availability.
• (WAP) Gateway
• The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
gateway is part of a protocol for protected use
of the Internet.
• In WAP, requests to access a website are sent
through a WAP gateway for security purposes.
 WML
• WML stands for Wireless Markup Language
• WML is an application of XML
• WML is the markup language defined in the
WAP specification.
• WAP sites are written in WML, while web sites
are written in HTML.
• WML is very similar to HTML. Both of them
use tags and are written in plain text format.
• WML files have the extension ".wml".
 Features of WML:

• Supports for text and images

• Support for user input
• International support
 IMT 2000

• IMT-2000 Stands for International Mobile

Telecommunications-2000.
The goal of International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) is to
support data transmission rates of up to 2 Mbps
for fixed stations(permanently fixed) and 384
Kbps for mobile stations.
• Note that the “2000” in the term “International
Mobile Telecommunications-2000” refers to
the transmission speed (approximately 2000
Kbps)
 Features:

• It is used for all radio environments.

• It supports both packet switched and circuit
switched data transmission.
• It offers high spectrum efficiency.
• It support wide range of telecommunication
services like voice , data, multimedia and
internet.
• IMT 2000 Architecture:
• Figure shows the IMT 2000 Architecture.
• The ITU standardize 5 group of 3G for radio
access technology.
• IMT-DS:
• It is used the direct spread technology.
• It is also called Wideband CDMA.
• It is part of Third Generation Partnership
Project(3GPP)
• IMT-TC:
• It uses Time Code Technology.
• It further divided into 2 standards TDD and
TD-SCDMA.
• IMT-MC:
• It uses Multi Carrier Technology.
• CDMA is multi carrier technology and it is part
of 3GPP2.
• IMT-SC:
• It uses Single Carrier Technology.
• It is enhancement of US TDMA System.
• IMT-FT:
• It uses Frequency Time Technology.
• It is enhancement version of the digital
cordless telephone standards DECT.
• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA)
• is a type of cellular technology that was developed
as a third-generation (3G) mobile communications
standard.
• It is based on the Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) technologies that were developed in the
1980s,
• it provides higher data rates than previous versions
of CDMA.
• . The first version of the WCDMA standard
was released in 1998
• The development of WCDMA began in the
late 1990s, and the first WCDMA networks
were launched in Japan in 2001.
• WCDMA is also known as Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS), which is
the third generation (3G) mobile
telecommunications standard developed by
the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU).
• Advantage:
• Energy-efficient data transfers
• Better battery life for IoT devices
• High-speed information exchange
• Delivery of small packets of information to a
destination
• Purpose-built for cell phones and industrial
modems
• Disadvantage:
• One drawback is that it requires a more
complex and expensive infrastructure to
support its wideband frequency bands.
• Additionally, WCDMA has been replaced by
newer, faster mobile technologies such as 4G
and 5G.
• The Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS)
• (UMTS) is defined as the third-generation (3G)
mobile network built on the global GSM
standard, compatible with data transfer up to
2 Megabits per second.
 Features

• UMTS is a component of IMT-2000 developed

by 3GPP(Third Generation Partnership
Project).
• It uses wideband code division multiple access
(W-CDMA) air interface.
• It provides transmission of text, digitized
voice, video and multimedia.
• It provides high bandwidth(The maximum
amount of data transmitted over an internet
connection in a given amount of time.) to
mobile operators.
• It gives a high data rate of 2Mbps. It is also
known as Freedom of Mobile Multimedia
Access (FOMA).
• UMTS is popularly known as a third-
generation (3G) cellular network. It was seen
as a better cellular technology for data transfer
than its predecessor, the GSM technology.
• How Does UMTS Work?
• A mobile network of the UMTS can be divided
into three major parts –
• user equipment,
• the access network, and
• the core network.
• These parts are linked and work together to
transfer data through the UMTS mobile
network.
• 1) The user equipment
• The user equipment is divided into the mobile
station, which is the device itself and the SIM
card, which describes the U-SIM or universal
subscriber identity module.
• The mobile station cannot transmit signals
without the U-SIM.
• The U-SIM performs three main functions,
which include:
• Holding of a subscriber’s identity
• Performing authentication algorithms
• Storing authentication and encryption keys
• 2) The access network
• The access network consists of towers to
which the mobile station connects. These
towers are known as Node B.
• There can be one or more Node Bs depending
on the size of the network.
• Another essential component of the access
network is the radio network controller
(RNC). It processes the data gotten from Node
B connected to it.
• The Node B and RNC composite structure is
known as UMTS terrestrial radio access
network (UTRAN).
• RNC also acts as an admission controller.
• For instance, if a mobile station (e.g., a phone)
wants to transmit through a voice call, and a
particular Node B is congested with other
connected devices, the RNC gives it a new
CDMA code to connect it to an available Node
B.
• 3. The core network
• This is the backbone network. It consists of a
circuit-switched (CS) domain and packet-
switched (PS) domain.
• The circuit-switched domain is the part of the
network responsible for voice calls, while the
packet-switched domain is responsible for
carrying the packet data.
 Applications
• Streaming and downloading of videos and audio
YouTube
Social media (or Web 2.0) companies
Internet of Things (IoT)
Mobile e-commerce
Fast internet and intranet
Mobile entertainment (gaming)
Emails and multimedia messages
Video conferences
• When was 4G introduced?
• The fourth generation of mobile technology was
introduced in 2010 in order to meet out the need for
faster speed and better connectivity.

• Airtel was the first company to have launched 4G services

using TD-LTE technology in Kolkata in 2012.
• It was followed by the launch of 4G in Bangalore, Pune,
Chandigarh, Mohali and Panchkula.
• Later, 4G services in India was launched by Aircel,
Vodafone and RJIO.
• What are the features of 4g?
• The features of 4G are :
• Better download speed
• Extremely high voice quality.
• Easy access to Internet, IM, social networks,
streaming media, video calling.
• Higher bandwidth.
• Much faster than 3G
• What are the different Network Standards of
4G?
• There are multiple 4G mobile technology
standards used by different cellular providers
namely,
• LTE (pre – 4G),
• LTE-Advanced(4.5G),
• Note – LTE stands for Long Term Evolution (LTE).
• LTE and VOLTE are new technologies that are
quickly being adopted worldwide.
• What is LTE?
• LTE is a high-speed mobile data technology
that has been developed together by the 3GPP.
• It is based on existing 3G networks
• it supports much higher data rates compared to
those supported by 2G.
• Benefits of LTE
• Improved Coverage
• Additional Security
• Better Network Management
• Improved Services
• What is VOLTE?
• VOLTE stands for Voice over LTE and it is a form
of Voice Over Internet Protocol or VoIP.
• It combines the 2G GPRS technology with
higher data rates that are being used in 3G
networks.
• This has allowed phone calls to be carried
through a data connection instead of the
traditional circuit-switched one.
• What are the differences between LTE and
VOLTE?
• LTE only supports data. This technology is purely
data-based, which means that it is not designed
to handle calls and other types of services.
• VOLTE, on the other hand, can be used for both
calls and data. It does this by combining the
capabilities of 2G GPRS networks with 3G or 4G
LTE networks.
• LTE-Advanced Pro, often referred to as 4.5G or
4.9G, is an intermediate step between 4G LTE
(Long-Term Evolution) and 5G technologies.
• It is designed to enhance the capabilities of
LTE networks, providing improved
performance, increased capacity, and
additional features to meet the growing
demands of mobile communication.
• 4.5G is an intermediate step between 4G and 5G
mobile networks.
• It is an enhancement of 4G LTE technology that
provides faster data speeds and improved network
capacity.
• 4.5G is also known as LTE Advanced Pro or 4G+. It
offers higher data rates, better coverage, and
improved performance compared to 4G, but it is
not as advanced as 5G in terms of speed and
latency.
• applications of 4g
• A user can access a database of street, building, large city etc
• 4G will provide user services at all times, even if the user is
off-site.
• LTE advanced
• 3GPP long term
• It will provide a good opportunity to people anywhere in the
world to continue their education online in a cost-effective
manner, best technology till date
• Camera in traffic light
• Mobile WiMAX
• 4G car