AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

TYPE OF AIR-CONDITIONING

1) Window air-conditioning system

2) Split air-conditioning system
3) Centralized air-conditioning system
4) Package air-conditioning system
 1) Windows Air-conditioning System

 Window air conditioners are one of the most

commonly used and cheapest type of air conditioners.
 To install one of these units, you need the space to
make a slot in the wall, and there should also be some
open space behind the wall.
 Window air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-
to-install solution to keep a room cool while avoiding
the costly construction of a central air system.
 Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these
units can be easily removed for storage, and you can
use the window sill for other purpose
 2) Split Air-Conditioning System
 The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the
outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
 The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses
components like the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve.
 The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling
coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have
to make any slot in the wall of the room.
 Further, the present day split units have aesthetic
looks and add to the beauty of the room. The split
air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms
 The Inverter Split Systems are the latest in engineering and
are noticeably quieter and more reliable in the long term.
Moreover, the inverter technology delivers up to 36% energy
savings over conventional products.

 Another comfort benefit of this technology is that they have

eliminated the annoying initial surge of cold air on the
heating cycle which is common to conventional high wall
mounted splits.
 Inverter technology: With conventional air conditioners, the compressor is either
on (working to 100% capacity) or off. Inverters can vary the compressor speed
and maintain the set temperature within a narrow range. Manufacturers claim
inverter models are more efficient and reduce running costs.

 Cooling-only or reverse cycle: Reverse-cycle models only cost a bit more than
cooling-only models, but you can also use them for heating in winter. While the
purchase and installation costs can be high, reverse-cycle air conditioners are
among the cheapest forms of heating to run. They cause less carbon dioxide to be
produced in power plants burning fossil fuel than other kinds of electric heater

 Which system should you recommend? The choice between

conventional and inverter is a choice between initial cost savings or long
term running cost savings. However, as a rule of thumb professionals
would recommend to install the inverter type where possible
 Floor mounted console split systems: Often it may be
more feasible to locate the indoor unit at floor level. In
these situations a floor mounted console type is ideal.
Similar in many ways as a high wall mounted split
system. Many people believe they are more
aesthetically appealing.
 Ceiling Cassette split systems: In a large open areas having
the indoor unit located in the centre of the room is preferable
from both a comfort and aesthetics perspective.
 Ducted Systems, refrigerated:
These are also a “split system” and manufacture air
the same way, but instead of the consol mounted on a
wall, it is mounted in the ceiling space. This allows
ducting to be connected so cool or heated air can be
distributed throughout the home. A unit sized home
would cost approximately $5500 installed. A typical 4
bedroom 2 bathroom home from $8000-$10,000 with
30 to 60cents per hour operating costs.
 How do they work? There are two separate mechanical
parts. An outdoor compressor and an indoor consol/fan
coil. These are connected by electrical controls and
refrigerated copper piping.

 Refrigerated Air Conditioning has become increasingly

popular in recent years because it can provide comfort in
summer & winter at a selected temperature range of 18
to 25 degrees.
 How do they work? There are two separate mechanical
parts. An outdoor compressor and an indoor consol/fan
coil. These are connected by electrical controls and
refrigerated copper piping.
 An outdoor compressor unit compresses liquid into a gas
state to allow the refrigeration effect to take place, exactly the
same way as does your home refrigerator. The compressed
gas is transferred through the connecting copper pipe the
consol installed inside your home or ceiling space.
 An indoor unit/consol basically consists of a fan and a coil
( similar to a car radiator appearance). The fan is connected
and then controlled by a room installed thermostat that draws
the air from inside the home, passes it through a filter and
then recirculates throughout your home approximately 10
times each hour.
 3) Centralized Air-Conditioning System

 The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when
large buildings, hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are
to be air conditioned completely.
 The window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or
small office spaces.
 If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically viable
to put window or split air conditioner in each and every room.
 Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls,
auditoriums, receptions areas etc.
 How does Central A/C System works
 A central air conditioner has a primary appliance such as an air
handler or furnace located in an out-of-the-way place such as a
basement or attic (With a “package system,” all of the components are combined
in a single outdoor unit that may be located on the ground or on the roof) . This
appliance pumps chilled air throughout the house through a
system of air ducts—often the same system utilized by a forced-
air furnace during the heating season. One or more thermostats in
the house turn the cooling system off and on as room temperatures
rise and fall.
 A central AC runs on electricity and removes heat from air with
basic refrigeration principles. When the thermostat signals the air-
conditioning system to lower air temperature, a whole sequence of
events begins.
 4) Packaged Air-Conditioning System
 The window and split air conditioners are usually used
for the small air conditioning capacities up to 5 tons.
 The central air conditioning systems are used for
where the cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons.
 The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling
capacities in between these two extremes.
 The packaged air conditioners are available in the
fixed rated capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
 These units are used commonly in places like
restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small halls,
etc.
New Invented Technology
for Air-Conditioning System
VRF SYSTEMS
(VARIABLE REFRIGERANT
FLOW)

DISTRICT
COOLING CHILLED BEAM
SYSTEM SYSTEM
VRF SYSTEMS - (VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW)
 Based on Inverter technology compressors, the first VRV HVAC systems were
invented by Daikin during the early 1980’s. As a technology leader in the
HVAC industry, Daikin had registered the VRV term (which stands for
Variable Refrigerant Volume) as an official trademark. All other companies
use VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) for their similar HVAC systems.
 Growing end user demand for air conditioning systems that are reliable,
flexible, easy to install and yet superior in terms of comfort and control,
makes VRF systems the ideal candidate for many applications such as
offices, hotels, theatres, shops and hospitals. VRF is quicker and easier
to install and requires less plumbing and wiring than water-based chiller
systems.
 VRF SYSTEMS - (VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW)

VRF can easily be related to as the “Rolls Royce” of Air Conditioning

Systems. It’s a very sophisticated technological air conditioning
system, based on several principles:
 Refrigerant only – where refrigerant is the only coolant material in the
system (in contrary to the chilled water systems, where refrigerant is
used for cooling/heating the water that is circulated throughout the
whole system).
 Inverter compressors that allow lowering power consumption with
partial cooling/heating loads.
 Several air handlers (indoor units) on the same refrigerant loop /
circuit.
 Ability of modular expansion (especially applicable for large projects,
that can grow in stages).
 Typical VRF system structure
 A typical system consists of an outdoor unit (comprising one or multiple compressors),
several indoor units (often and mistakenly called “fan coils”), refrigerant piping, running
from the outdoor to all indoors, using Refnet Joints (copper distributors in pipes) and
communication wiring.

 Communication wiring consists of a 2 wired cable, chained from the outdoor to all
indoors, creating an internal closed loop network, that is an essential part of any VRF
installation.
 How does VRF work?
 The operation logic of the VRF is fully built-in inside the system and is proprietary for each
VRF manufacturer.
 The system gets inputs from the user (e.g. desired comfort temperature) and from the
surrounding (outside ambient temperature), and according to that data it implements its logic
in order to get to the desired comfort conditions, utilizing optimal power consumptions.
 At the beginning, the system is in standstill condition (everything is turned off).
 Once a user turns one of the indoors “ON” by its local remote, the outdoor “gets noted”
regarding it, and starts working. At this point, it will examine the outdoor conditions
(temperature), the operating indoor requirements (operation mode, set point temperature),
and will operate the compressor at the exact level, required to comply with
the indoor requirements.
 When another indoor unit is turned on, the outdoor recalculates the requirements from all the
indoors, and will increase the compressor’s output, according to the required level of
demand.
 This process is constantly occurring with any change, performed in the HVAC system. As
described, the VRF system is fully automatic, and regulates its power
consumption based on the demand arriving from the indoor units
and outside prevailing conditions. User can have influence on the desired indoor comfort
conditions, modifying: Operation mode (on/off), Operation state (Cool/Heat/Fan/Dry/Auto),
setpoint temperature, fan speed (high/medium/low/auto). Controlling those parameters is the
only thing required for proper operation, and the only thing that is required for proper
integration with the VRF system.
VRF System types
 Cooling only systems (less popular) – those systems can
only cool. Heating is not available. Fan and Dry modes are
available for each indoor unit independently.
 Heat Pump systems (most popular) – all the indoor units
can either heat, or cool (not at the same time). Fan and Dry
modes are available for each indoor unit independently.
 Heat Recovery systems (less popular) – those systems are
the most sophisticated ones, where cooling and heating may
be available by each indoor unit, independently, at the same
time.
 District Cooling System

 District Cooling Systems (DCS) is a system

which distribute chilled water or other media,
usually provided from a dedicated cooling
plant, to multiple buildings for air conditioning
or other uses.
 District Cooling System

The Objectives :
To centralized production of
chilled water by using
district cooling plant. The
generated chilled water will
then be channeled to various
building blocks thru pre-
insulated seamless
underground pipes.
 District Cooling System
The Advantages
1. Improve energy efficiency
2. Protect environment
3. Save spaces
4. Improve urban view
5. Reduce manpower for
operation and maintenance
 District Cooling System
How The System Work ?
 DC means the centralized production and distribution of
cooling energy. Chilled water is delivered via an
underground insulated pipeline to office, industrial and
residential buildings to cool the indoor air of the buildings
within a district. Specially designed units in each building
then use this water to lower the temperature of air passing
through the buildings ACS.
 The output of one cooling plant is enough to meet the
cooling-energy demand of dozens of buildings. DC can be
run on electricity or natural gas, and can use either regular
water or seawater. Along with electricity and water, DC
constitute a new form of energy service.
 District Cooling System

Why It Is Environmental Friendly ?

District cooling helps the environment
by increasing energy efficiency and
reducing environmental emissions
including air pollution, the
greenhouse gas (GHG) carbon
dioxide(CO2) and ozone-destroying
refrigerants. District cooling can
reduce annual CO2emissions by about
1 ton for every ton of district cooling
refrigeration demand served
DCS Network Diagram
DCS Network Diagram
 DCS- APPLICATION
PUTRAJAYA PRECINT 1 (P1) DCS
Completed and operational in 2008
Thermal storage capacity of 48,000RTh
Woodlands DCS Plant (Singapore)
Owner: First DCS Pte Ltd
Date of Completion: Oct 2006
Plant capacity is 4,000 RT
KUALA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Date of Completion: Mar 1997
with 35,000 RT designed chilled water capacity
Shinjuku DHC Plant (Japan)
Owner: Energy Advance Co., Ltd
Date of Completion: Jul 1995
Total chilled water capacity is 59,000 RT
DCS - COMPONENTS

 Central Chiller Plant – generate chilled water for cooling purposes

 Distribution Network – distribute chilled water to building
 User Station – interface own building air-conditioning circuit
 CHILLED BEAM SYSTEM
 It is a type of convection HVAC system
designed to heat or cooled high rise
building such as commercial building,
schools, universities, dry labs, and
hospitals.
 It’s primarily gives off its cooling effect
through convection by using water to
remove heat from a room.
 Pipes of water passed through the beam
suspended short distance from the ceiling
of a room.
 As the beam chills the air around it, the air
becomes denser and falls to the floor.
 It is replaced by warmer air moving up
from below, causing a constant floe of
convection and cooling the room.
CHILLED BEAM SYSTEM
HISTORY OF CHILLED BEAMS

1. Chilled beams were developed in Norway in 1975.

2. They have been used successfully in Europe for 20
years, where they have become standard practice.
3. Chilled beam technology is emerging in the U.S. as an
alternative to conventional systems such as VAV.
4. US Installations:
 Astra Zeneca – Boston, MA
 Penn State University – Philedelphia, PA
 Harvard University – Boston, MA
 Portland Center Stage – Portland, OR
 Tahoe Center for Environmental Sciences – Tahoe,
NV Clemson University – Clemson, SC
 University of Wisconsin – Madison, WI
TYPES OF CHILLED BEAM SYSTEM
1. There are two types of chilled beam system:
i. Passive chilled beam system

ii. Active chilled beam system

2. Multi-Service Chilled Beams

are also available.
ADVANTAGES

 Simple to design and control

 Smaller ductwork
 Less mechanical space
 Less maintenance
 Increase comfort
 disadvantages

 Not well known in our industry

 Higher construction cost
 Many engineers aren’t familiar with this
technology
 Dew point concerns, building must have a good
control of humidity to prevent condensation on
chilled beam surface.
 COMPRESSOR

CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR

EXPANSION VALVE