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10 MuscleP1
10 MuscleP1
Chapter 10 Part I
Functions: 1) Movement attaches to the skeleton and moves the body by moving the bones 2) Maintenance of posture certain skeletal muscles contract continuously to maintain posture,sit or stand
3) Joint stabilization role of muscle tone in stabilizing and strengthening joints 4) Heat generation muscle contractions produce heat that helps maintain normal body temperature
Characterized by 2 main features: 1) the presence or absence of light and dark stripes
2) voluntary or involuntary control
- refers to the innervation of muscle tissue - voluntary innervated by voluntary motor nerves - innervated by involuntary portion of the nervous system
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue in the skeletal muscles - organs that attach to and move the skeleton - makes up to 40% of body weight - muscle cells are striated; under voluntary control
Cardiac muscle tissue only in the wall of the heart - cells are striated but involuntary as a rule
Smooth muscle tissue occupies the walls of hollow organs - cells lack striations and under involuntary control
Skeletal Muscle
Each muscle is an organ consists mostly of muscle tissue Skeletal muscle also contains: - Connective Tissue - Blood Vessels - Nerves
Figure 10.1a
Figure 10.3
Most tendons and aponeuroses attach to bones, a few attach to skin, cartilage or sheets of fascia, or to a seam of fibrous tissue called a raphe (seam)
Bone markings reflect where tendons meet bones
- tubercles, trochanters, and crests
Figure 10.4b
Sarcomere
Z disc (Z line) - boundaries of each sarcomere
Thin (actin) filaments extend from Z disc toward the center of the sarcomere
Thick (myosin) filaments are located in the center of the sarcomere
- overlap inner ends of the thin filaments - contain ATPase enzymes
Sarcomere Structure
A bands - full length of the thick filament
- includes inner end of thin filaments
Muscle Fiber
Myofibril
Sacromere
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig 10.4
Sarcomeres and myofilaments - responsible for the striations Z disc to Z disc: interdigitation of the thin and thick filaments Elastic filaments composed of titin molecules connect the thick filaments to the Z discs Myosin heads - small knobs project from the thick filaments
Mechanism of Contraction
SR contains calcium ions released when muscle is stimulated to contract
- calcium ions diffuse through the sarcoplasm and trigger the sliding filament mechanism - after contraction the ions are pumped back into the SR for storage
Contraction is controlled by nerve-generated impulses that travel along the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber
- impulses are further conducted by the T-tubules, invaginations of the sarcolemma - each impulse promotes release of calcium ions from the terminal cisterns
Figure 10.6
Mechanism of Contraction
2 types of muscle contraction:
Initiated by the release of calcium ions and the binding of the ions to thin filaments
- process powered by ATP
Figure 10.7a
Figure 10.8ac
Muscle Extension
Muscle is stretched by a movement opposite that which contracts it Muscle fiber length and force of contraction - greatest force produced when a fiber starts out slightly stretched so its thin and thick filaments overlap only moderately - myosin heads can pull along the entire length of the thin filaments
Figure 10.4d
Figure 10.9
Motor Units
Figure 10.10
Each motor unit consists of 1 motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. Muscle fibers of a motor unit are distributed throughout the skeletal muscle