Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete Design

Engr. Vincent John B. Agdales

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams
Analysis & Design
 Notations and Symbols
Ab = area of an individual bar or wire, mm2
Ag = gross area of section, mm2
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, mm2
Avmin = minimum area of stirrups, mm2
bw = width of compression face of member, mm
d = distance from the extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm
fc’ = specified compressive stress of concrete, MPa
fy = specified yield strength of steel, Mpa
fyt = specified yield strength of hoop, tie, or spiral reinforcement, Mpa
h = overall depth of section, mm
Mu = factored moment, kN-m
Nu = factored axial load normal to cross-section occurring simultaneously with Vu to be
taken positive for compression and negative for tension, and to include effects of
tension due to creep and shrinkage, N
s = spacing of stirrups, mm
Vc = shear strength provided by concrete, N
Vn = nominal shear force, N
Vs = shear strength provided by the reinforcement, N
Vu 5:=Shear
Chapter factored
in Beams shear force, N
 Notations and Symbols
Ø = strength reduction factor
ØVn = design shear capacity, N
λ = modification factor (1.0 standard for normal weight concrete)
ρw = ratio of As to bwd

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 Introduction
When the beam is loaded, it resists loads primarily by means of internal moments M and
shears V. The beam must be designed for both types of forces to carry the loads safely.
Flexure is usually considered first to determine the dimension of the beam section and the
reinforcement needed to provide the necessary moment resistance. The beam is then
designed to shear. Shear failure may occur if no shear reinforcement is provided.

Experiments have demonstrated that shear failure is brittle and usually occurs without
any warning before failure. On the other hand, flexural failure is characterized by a
gradual increase in deflection and cracking and occurs with warning before total failure.

Thus, it is important to make certain that the design for shear must ensure that shear
failure does not occur before flexural failure. The limits on the amount of flexural
reinforcement as provided in NSCP 2015 ensure that the member behaves in a ductile
manner.

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 Shear Failure

Shear failure without stirrups or shear reinforcement

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams
 Shear Failure

Shear failure without stirrups or shear reinforcement

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams
 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
The basic code requirement on shear strength is that the factored shear force Vu shall be
equal or less than the design shear strength ØVn:

Vu ≤ ØVn

• 422.5.1.1 Nominal one-way shear strength at a section, Vn, shall be calculated by:

Vn = Vc + Vs

• 422.5.1.2 Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected to satisfy the equation:

Vu ≤ (Vc + 0.67)

where:
Ø = 0.75 for shear and torsion
Vu = factored ultimate shear, N
Vc = shear strength provided by concrete, N
Vs = shear strength provided by stirrups, N

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
5.2.1 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY CONCRETE Vc (NSCP SECTION 422.5.5)

• 422.5.5.1 For non-prestressed members without axial force Vc, shall be calculated by:

Vc = 0.17λbwd

Unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance with Table 422.5.5.1

Table 422.5.5.1 Detailed Method for Calculating Vc
Vc

(0.16λ) (a)

Least of (a), (b), and (c) (0.16λ) (b)

0.29λ (c)

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
• 422.5.6.1 For non-prestressed members with axial compression, Vc, shall be calculated
by:
Vc = 0.17 (1+) λ

Unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance with Table 422.5.6.1, where
Nu is positive for compression.

Table 422.5.5.1 Detailed Method for Calculating Vc for

Non-prestressed Members with Axial Compression
Vc

(0.16λ) (a)

Equation not applicable if

Lesser of (a), (b), and (c) (b)

0.29λ (c)

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
• 422.5.7.1 For non-prestressed members with significant axial tension, Vc, shall be
calculated by:

• Vc = 0.17 (1+) λ

where Nu is negative for tension, and Vc shall not be less than zero.

Nu = factored axial force normal to cross-section occurring simultaneously with Vu or Tu; to

be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N.

Ag = gross area of concrete section, mm2. For a hollow section, Ag is the area of the
concrete only and does not include the area of the voids.

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
5.2.2 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY STIRRUPS Vs (NSCP 2015 SECTION
422.5.10)

• 422.5.10.1 At each section where Vu > ØVc, transverse reinforcement shall be provided
such the equation is satisfied:

Vs ≥ - Vc

• 422.10.5.3 Vs for shear reinforcement shall be calculated by:

Vs =

where:
s = spiral pitch or the longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement, mm
Av = effective area of all bar legs or wires within spacing s, mm
fyt = specified yield strength of hoop, tie, or spiral reinforcement, MPa

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
5.2.3 SPACING LIMITS OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (NSCP 2015 SECTION
409.7.6.2)

• 409.7.6.2.1 If required, shear reinforcement shall be provided using stirrups, hoops, or

longitudinal bars.

• 409.7.6.2.2 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement shall be in accordance with

Table 409.7.6.2.2:
Table 409.7.6.2.2 Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement
Maximum s, mm

Vs Non-prestressed Prestressed
beam beam

d/2 3h/4
≤ 0.33 Lesser of
600
d/4 3h/8
0.33 Lesser of
300
Chapter 5: Shear in Beams
 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
5.2.4 MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (NSCP 2015 SECTION 409.6.3)

• 409.6.3.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, provided in all regions where Vu ≥

0.5Vc except for the cases in Table 409.6.3.1, where at least shall be provided where Vu
≥ 0.5Vc.

• 409.7.6.2.2 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement shall be in accordance with

Table 409.7.6.2.2:
Table 409.6.3.1 Cases where is not required if 0.5Vc < Vu < Vc
Beam Type Conditions
Shallow Depth h ≤ 250 mm
Integral with Slab h ≤ greater of 2.5tf of 0.5bw and h ≤ 600 mm

Constructed with steel fibered reinforced

normal-weight concrete conforming to h ≤ 600 mm and
Sections 426.4.1.5.1 (a), 426.4.2.2 (d), and Vu ≤ 0.17
426.12.5.1 (a) and with f’c ≤ 40 MPa
One-way joist system In accordance with Section 409.8
Chapter 5: Shear in Beams
 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
5.2.4 MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (NSCP 2015 SECTION 409.6.3)

• 409.6.3.3 If shear reinforcement is required and torsional effects can be neglected

according to Section 409.5.4.1, Avmin shall be in accordance with Table 409.6.3.3.

Table 409.6.3.3 Required Avmin

Beam Type

Non—prestressed 0.062 a
and prestressed with Greater
Apsfse < 0.4 (Apsfpu + of
Asfy) 0.35 b

0.062 c
Prestressed with Greater of
0.35 d
Apsfse ≥ 0.4 (Apsfpu + Lesser of
Asfy)
e

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
5.2.5 CRITICAL SECTION FOR BEAM SHEAR (NSCP 2015 SECTION 409.4.3)

• 409.4.3.1 For beams built integrally with supports, Vu at the support shall be
permitted to be calculated at the face of the support.

• 409.4.3.2 Sections between the face of support and a critical section located d from the
face of support for non-prestressed beams and h/2 from the face of support for
prestressed beams shall be permitted to be designed for Vu at that critical section if (a)
through (c) are satisfied.

a) Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces compression into the end
region of the beam;
b) Loads are applied at or near the top surface of the beam;
c) No concentrated load occurs between the face of support and critical section.

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 NSCP 2015 Code Requirements
5.2.5 CRITICAL SECTION FOR BEAM SHEAR (NSCP 2015 SECTION 409.4.3)

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 Illustrative Problems
SITUATION 1
Given the following data of a rectangular beam:
Beam width, b = 250 mm
Effective depth, d = 450 mm
Simple span, L = 8 m
Service loads:
Dead Load = 28 kN/m (including beam weight)
Live load = 35 kN/m
Stirrups (transverse reinforcement):
Diameter = 10 mm
Yield strength, fyh = 275 MPa
Concrete strength, f’c = 21 MPa
1) Determine the maximum spacing (mm) of stirrups required near the support using 3
legs of stirrups.
2) Determine the maximum spacing (mm) of stirrups required at 0.2L from support using
2 legs of stirrups.
3) Determine the maximum spacing (mm) of stirrups required at 0.35L from support using
2 legs of stirrups.
4) Determine the minimum area (mm2) of shear reinforcement at 0.45L from support.
Chapter 5: Shear in Beams
 Illustrative Problems
SITUATION 2
A rectangular beam is subjected to shear and flexure only. Given the following data:
Beam dimension, b h = 350 mm x 500 mm
Effective cover to centroid of main bar = 75 mm
Concrete strength, f’c = 27.5 MPa
Steel yield strength:
Main reinforcement, fy = 415 MPa
Stirrups, fyh = 275 MPa
Reduction factor in shear = 0.75

1) If the beam is reinforced with three legs of 10-mm-diameter stirrups spaced at 80 mm

on centers, calculate the design shear strength, Vn in kN.

2) To develop a shear strength of 390 kN, calculate the spacing of three legs of 12-mm
stirrups.

3) Which of the following gives the maximum spacing of three legs of 12-mm diameter
stirrups in part 2 according to 2015 NSCP?

Chapter 5: Shear in Beams

 Illustrative Problems
SITUATION 3
Given the following data of the beam shown:
h1 = 100 mm Shear strength reduction factor = 0.75
h2 = 480 mm
b = 380 mm
Tension steel: As = 5 – 25 mm diameter
Compression steel: A’s = 3 – 25 mm diameter
Effective cover to centroid of bars = 80 mm
Concrete compressive strength, f’c = 27.5 MPa
Steel yield strength:
Longitudinal steel, fyl = 414 MPa
Lateral ties, fyv = 275 Mpa
1) Determine the shear strength (kN) provided by concrete.

2) Using 12-mm diameter ties spaced at 90 mm center-to-center, compute the shear

strength (kN) provided by the ties.

3) If the beam is to be designed for a shear force of 460 kN, which of the following gives
the minimum width (mm) of the beam using 10-mm ties at 80 mm on centers.
Chapter 5: Shear in Beams
 “The real fight is the one
within yourself. It is YOU vs.
your BAD HABITS.”

Engr. Vincent John B. Agdales, CE