PERSONAL IDENTITY

Introduction
Definition
Types
Methods
Parameters
Techniques of identity

Sources
1.Nasib R Awan –
Chapter 5/ 2.Parikh –
Section 2, Chapters 3-4/
 SEQS
1.Enlist parameters of identification.Briefly describe medicolegal importance of Age
2.Enlist methods of identification.desribe briefly each(third party-subjective-objective)
3.what information regarding identity you as
Forensic expert can obtain if human skeletion is recovered by Police and brought
to you for examination. 4.How sternum & Sacrum help in
determining the sex
5. a) How examination of clothes helps in identity b) Give the
medicolegal importance of Tatoo marks in identity
6.Enlist sure techniques of identification.Write a brief note on Dactylography.
.
 6. Discuss briefly the importance of teeth in identity
7. Define and classify intersex states.What is nuclear sexing (Barr
body -Davidson body)
8.a)What is Hesse’s rule?Describe its Forensic importance b)What
is Forensic importance of DNA finger printing
9.On autpsy examination of an 8 years old girl some hair are found
clenched in her hand which were sent to Forensic Science
Laboratory for analysis a.what is
medicolegal significance of examination of hair b.How will you
differentiate human hair from animal hair
9. What do you know about/short notes
a) Corpus Delicti b) Cephalic index c.
 IDENTITY

Definition
It is defined as establishment of
individuality or recognition of a person or
dead body.
It simply means identification of a
person. Person may be specific, unknown
or missing
 Complete Identification
Absolute fixation of individuality of a person.
Partial Identification
Ascertainment (find out) of some facts
(e.g.,race, sex, age, stature) about identity while other
facts still remain unknown

Team Work
Close cooperation between investigating experts &
interested parties(family,friends) -
Pathologist,anatomist,anthropologist,odontologist,
radiologist,serologist,Forensic science expert form team
Conditios posing identity problems
a.In living
1.Coma
2.Amnesia
3.Infancy or 4.mental
defect 5.Language barriers
6.concealment of
true identification b.In dead
1.Cases of
fire,explosion,travel accidents,mass disasters

2.When unknown dead bodies are found

3.Cases of decomposed or mutilated bodies & skeletal remains.
 Legal Application
- Both in living and in dead
1. In Living
Identification in civil & criminal cases
a.Civil Cases
Religion - insurance – inheritance-
immigration – Marriage-Disputed sex - Missing person etc
. b.Criminal Cases
Absconding soldiers- Person accused of physical assault-Zina-bil-jabr-
homicide-impersonation-Mixed up babies in maternity homes
 2. In Dead

1.Fire,explosion,travel accidents,
mass disasters

2.When unknown dead bodies are

found
3.Decomposed,mutilated bodies &
 Corpus Delecti (Q)
 Accurate Identification mandatory for
establishment of corpus delecti after homicide
to rule out false charge
 Means body of offence, Includes
i. positive identity of body ii. Proof of death
by criminal act of accused
Trial of murder can take place on circumstantial
evidence in absence of recovery of dead body
 Methods of Identity (Q)
 Third party – Subjective – Objective

1.Third Party Method

- most commonly used
- Three parties(examiner,examinee,Person
accompanying)
- personal identity Verified by person
accompanying
- name,nic no,relationship entered
 2. Subjective Method
-For unknown,decomposed,muitilated dead bodies
where third party is not present
- Collection & analysis of morphological data
- Basic information collected comprises of
- description of
a.physical characters : facial features,height,
weight,color of hair/eyes,scar mark,mole
b.belongings : cap,wrist watch,glasses
- Information varies from fresh cases to
decomposed,mutilated bodies
 3.Objective Method
 Utilization of Morphological and belonging data
Analyzed by investigating agencies to isolate an
individual specific identity clue or character lead to
personal identity
Theory (principle)
-A character having intimate (close) association to a
person in (body or belonging) sufficient to establish
identity eg hair,bones,teeth,specticals,pen,cap etc
cases
decpmposed bodies,fragmentary
remains,muitilated bodies as they lack facial identity
STANDARD METHOD IN PAKISTAN
-I.D. cards (with photograph ‘or’ thumb impression)
Marks of identification
Finger prints (thumb impression)

SUREST METHODS
-Dactylography – DNA typing-Frontal air
sinus -
-Retinal blood vessels pattern
 Techniques of identity
 Dactylography (Finger prints)
 DNA Typing
 Retinal vessels pattern
 Frontal air sinus pattern
 Anthropometry
 Photographs,sketeches
 Marks of identification
Parameters Of Identification Q
-Two classifications
1.anatomical – physiological – pathological – genetic
2.General data - dental data - skeletal data - genetical data-
radiological – trace evidence
a.Anatomical
shape of body & design of
parts-primary & secondary
b.Physiological
gait,voice,tone/manner of speech
c.Pathological
diseases & scars
d.Genetic
blood groups
 CLASSIFICATION-2
A.General Data
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Stature
d. Religion
e. Race
f. Congenital features body prints
anthropometry
congenital
malformations
g. Acquired features scars
occupational marks
tattoo marks
acquired malform.
B. Dental Data
C. Skeletal Data
D. Genetical Data (In Case Of decomposed
Body)
E. Radiological Data
F. Identification By Trace Evidence (dust on
clothes, nail scrapings etc)

G.Miscellaneous
movements of a person(gait-gesture-
posture) personal belongings- photographs-
voice recognition-hand writing habits)