CELLULAR RESPI

RATION
LIVING THINGS GET THE ENERGY THE
Y NEED FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF G
LUCOSE (SUGAR)
It all happens in MITOCH
ONDRION
RECALL
All our cells need energy
ATP is the energy that the cells use for all life proces
ses.
The cell makes ATP by breaking down a sugar called
glucose.
Glucose is the energy of the body.
ATP is the energy of the cell
 How does glucose get int
o the body?
Through the foods you eat.
You eat a piece of bread which is made
of large carbohydrate molecules.
Your body breaks the large carbs into tin
y sugars during digestion.
It starts with the saliva in the mouth, th
en in the stomach and finally the food p
asses through intestines.
When the carbs reach the large intestines, they are b
roken down so small that they get absorbed in the bl
ood.
The small sugars are monosaccharides
Glucose is one of these monosaccharides.
The red blood cells then carry the small sugars to the
cells that need them.
When the sugars reach the cells, they cant pass through the cell membrane be
cause of the lipid bilayer.
However, a protein channel recognizes then and lets them in.
The small 6-carbon sugar is now in the cell
Its brought to the mitochondria to be further broken down into ATP
CO2 is one waste product of these process.
AS you exhale now, you are releasing CO2 into the classroom from your mitoch
ondria by the process of cellular respiration.
You need food, oxygen and water for this process.
All of your trillions of cells are doing this
Each cell can have hundreds of mitochondria, all making ATP.
Cellular respiration
•Organic sugar (glucose) is converted to inorganic gas Carbo
n dioxide.
•ATP or cell energy is made in the process
•Cell respiration occurs in the mitochondria of all cells.
•It occurs 24/7.
•The diagram at the bottom shows a six carbon glucose being broke
n down into six molecules of CO2 in a series of steps..

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
What is a calorie?
Calorie: amount of energy needed to raise the te
mperature of one gram on water by one degree C
elsius.
It is how we measure the energy levels;
One gram of glucose releases 3811 calories of en
ergy.
cellular respiration: process of breaking down fo
od for energy.
Steps in cellular respiratio
n
 Steps in cellular respiratio
n

Step one is always Glycolysis:

Step two: depends on whether oxyge
n is present or not.
if oxygen is not present, the pyruvic acid either enters fermentation.
In this process, alcohol or an acid is a waste product as small amounts of ATP ar
e made from the sugar.

If oxygen is present, step two is the Krebs cycle. This is true for human muscle c
ells.
This will be explained better later.
 GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration.
It takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm.

The term glycolysis literary means “splitting sugar” which exactly what ha
ppens in this stage.
 Step One: Glycolysis

Step 1 in cellular respiration is always glycolysi

s.
Glyco means sugar; glucose
Lysis means to split.
Glycolysis mean to split glucose.
Glucose is a sugar made of six carbons.
 glycolysis

Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose (6 Carbons) is broken “i

n half”, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.
Occurs in CYTOPLASM of cell.
Glycolysis Summary (step
one)
2 ATP needed to begin glycolysis.
4 ATP produced when its done.
NET gain 2 ATP. (4 – 2 = 2)
NADH is an electron carrier.

Glycolysis starts w/ ONE GLUCOSE

Ends with TWO PYRUVIC ACID
 What’s next?
The next step after glycolysis depends on whether oxygen
is present or not.
If oxygen is not present (anaerobic) Step two is Fermentat
ion
Anaerobic means without oxygen. Fermentation is a typ
e of anaerobic respiration.
If Oxygen is PRESENT (aerobic) step two is the Krebs Cycle
& Electron Transport Chain
Aerobic means with oxygen as in aerobic respiration
 Chemical Pathways
Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs Electron

cycle transport

Fermentation (wit Alcohol or l

hout oxygen) actic acid

Go to Se
ction:
 Fermentation: occurs only when
oxygen is not present.
Two types of fermentation
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
◦ Used by Yeast and a few other microorganisms.
◦ Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide from the three carbon pyruvic acid.

2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

◦ Used by Bacteria and human muscle cells.
◦ Produces lactic acid from the three carbon pyruvic acid. .
 Lactic Acid Fermenta
tion

Glucose Lactic acid

Pyruvic acid
 Step 2: Krebs Cycle (o
xygen)

When oxygen is present such as in muscles, step two i

n cellular respiration is the Krebs Cycle
Occurs in mitochondria (matrix).
Pyruvic acid is changed (modified) in a series of reactio
ns.
these reactions produce high-energy electron carriers
to be used in the electron transport chain
• NAD+ and FAD+ are the high energy electron ca
rriers

• H+ is the electron that needs to be carried.

• They turn into NADH and FADH2 when carrying

electrons and provide the energy to drive the El
ectron Transport Chain.

• 2 molecules of ATP is generated per glucose.

• CO2 is produced and released.

Step 3:Electron Transport Chain (oxy
gen)
•Takes place in mitochondria (inner mem
brane).
Series of proteins accept high energy elec
tron pairs from NADH and FADH2.
◦ NADH and FADH2 (Energy taxi dropping off e
nergy)
◦ Oxygen bonds with 2 hydrogens (final electr
on acceptor) to form H20
◦ 32 molecules of ATP are produced per glucose
molecule.
 Step one is always glycolysis.
Step two depends on whether or not oxygen is present
If it is not, then step two is fermentation, (anaerobic respiration)
If it is, then step two is the Krebs Cycle and step 3 is the electron transport chain.
In the process, organic glucose is converted to inorganic CO2
If oxygen is present, its called Aerobic respira
tion, and 36 ATP are created.
During anaerobic respiration or fermentation
, 2 ATP are created.
ATP is the universal energy molecule, meani
ng that all living organism use it as an energy
source.
Notice that much more ATP is made when ox
ygen is present.
 Section 9-2

Flowchart
Aerobic Respiration

Carbon
Glucose Dioxide
(C6H1206) Electron (CO2)
Krebs
+ Glycolysis Transport +
Cycle
Oxygen Chain Water
(02) (H2O)

Go to Se
ction:
 Summary of photosynt
hesis

Solar energy is converted to chemical energy.

The chemical energy is stored in the form of glucose (sug
ar).
Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight are used to produce g
lucose, oxygen, and water.
 • Chemical equation for this process is:
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

• 6 molecules of carbon dioxide (6CO2) and

• 6 molecules of water (6H2O) are consumed in t

he process,
• 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6)

• six molecules of oxygen (6O2)

• and six molecules of water (6H2O) are produce

d.
 Summary of cellular respirati
on
Organic sugar (glucose) is converted to inorganic gas Carbon dioxide.

Chemical equation for cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochon

dria
1)C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O +38ATP