Seismic and Log Surveys

Prepared by: Supervised by:

Sarmad_Awam_Bahast_Sawsan_Said_Sawry Mr. Nizar Mohamed

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 Table of Contents

Introduction
Seismic equipment
Seismic operation
Seismic data processing
Seismic interpretation
Well logs
Conclusion

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Seismic and Log Surveys Sarmad Mohammad March 2022
 Introduction
Basic Exploration Workflow
Identify
opportunities Acquire seismic
data Drill wildcat

Process seismic
data
Failure
Success
Interpret
Confirmation
seismic data
Well
Assess prospect
Failure
Economic Drop Success
analysis Prospect To D/P
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 Seismic Equipment
1‐Determining location:
• Conventional survey instruments such as
Thelodolite
Land • Electromagnetic distance devices (EDM)
• Global positioning system (GPS)

• Streamer locations by using Tail Buoy

Marine • Global Positioning system
• Radio positioning, Transit satellite positioning

2‐Seismic sources:
• A‐Impulsive sources: such as Explosive
Land Sources Dynamite, Weight drop and Hammers

• Air gun: releases highly compressed air into

Marine sources water. at 2000 – 5000 PSI to produce an
explosive blast of air.
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 Seismic Detectors
Land Marine
detector detector
(Geophone It is used to detect the (Hydrophone It is used to detect the
) seismic waves from ) seismic waves from the
the geological seawater and geological
formations. It consists formations. Upward energy
of coil of wire is recorded as electrical
suspended from current generated by
spring & surrounded piezoelectric device (which
by magnet. generates a voltage if acted
with pressure).

Geophone Hydrophone
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 Seismic Acquisition
Land Acquisition Marine Acquisition
The seismic waves that
travel from the source into
the earth are received on
geophone sensors planted
on the surface
Seismic Survey Sarmad Mohammad
The air gun transmits
sound waves with
frequencies typically
below 100 Hz through the
water column and into the
subsurface to the
Hydrophone receivers.
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 Seismic Operation

.4 s .8 s

Some energy is reflected

Most energy is transmitted

Some energy is reflected

Most energy is transmitted

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 Raw Seismic Data

Energy Listening device #1 records a reflection

Reflected starting at 0.4 seconds

Listening device #2 records a reflection

starting at 0.8 seconds

To image a subsurface, many explosions and

receivers are arranged in lines either in lands
or offshore

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 Raw Data - Marine

The depth of the seawater

can be calculated because
the velocity of the
seawater is usually 1500
m/s, depending on the
temperature and salinity.

The time intercept is also

known so the depth of
seawater would be:

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 Processing Data

Data Processing
Stream

Subsurface Image
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 Seismic Data Processing
The process can involve
hundreds of steps and can
take several weeks of
dedicated computer time to
complete.
Seismic Survey
Step 1: Signals from all receivers arrive at the
recorder called Multiplex.
Step 2: The Demultiplex separates multiplex signals
into its component parts.
Step 3: The Gain Recovery is used to enhance the
weak signals.
Step 4: The Equalization Scaling is used to scale up
weak traces & scale down strong traces.
Step 5: Automatic Gain Control & Balance are used
to build up weak signals.
Step 6: Editing is used to remove bad traces, noisy
channels or open channels.
Final step: Deconvolution highlight specific geological,
physical, or reservoir property features.
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 Seismic Interpretation
Seismic survey can interpret geologic
framework: Structural Analysis
Faults Folds

Diapers Detached Faults

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 Seismic Interpretation
Seismic survey can also interpret Stratigraphic
Analysis
Erosional Termination Onlap Termination

High

Low
Reflection Geometries Horizon Amplitude
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 Seismic Attribution
Porosity
Seismic attribute can help in Porosity for the Smackover:
Predicting Porosity:
 Predicted based on 4 attributes
Predicted Porosity from
 Calibration based on 8 wells
the Smackover reservoir:

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 A Well With Water Wet in Latrobe Reservoir

Seismic Model Reservoir Fluid = Water

Reflection Coefficient

I=V*

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 A Well With Oil in Latrobe Reservoir

Seismic Model Reservoir Fluid = Oil

Reflection Coefficient

I=V*

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 A Well With Gas in Latrobe Reservoir

Seismic Model Reservoir Fluid = Gas

Reflection Coefficient

I=V*

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 Seismic Attribution

Original Oil in Place

The most important aim of the seismic survey is to

find the original oil in place

Where: k→ unit convergent constant

Φ→ Total porosity
Thickness→ thickness of reservoir
Sw→ Water saturation
A→ Area of reservoir
Net/Gross→ Effective porosity to the total volume of reservoir

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 What is a DHI ?
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DHI = Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator

• Seismic DHIs are anomalous seismic responses that are caused by the
presence of hydrocarbons.

• DHIs occur when a change in pore fluids causes a change in the

elastic properties of the bulk rock which is seismically detectable (i.e.
there is a "fluid effect").

• DHIs display one or more types of characteristics that are consistent

with hydrocarbons filling pores in a rock matrix.

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 Rock Property Trends with Depth
Velocity, Impedance

• Sands compact faster than

shales.

• Fluids initially are separated in

Depth

velocity (gas < oil < water) .

• These trends are caused by

variations in mineralogy, grain
size, texture, sorting, fluid
properties & pressure.

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 Reflection Coefficient Trends with Depth
Normal Incidence Reflection Coefficient
Negative RCs 0
• Here we consider the RC at a
shale/porous sand boundary.

• Shale is higher impedance than

sand where the blue line is left of
the zero RC line.
Depth

• Note how oil sands result in a more

negative RC than brine sand.

• Gas sands have even more negative

RCs.

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 DHI Characteristics
Presence of HC is marked by
The main Hydrocarbon Indicators: high reflection amplitudes

1. Amplitude Strength
2. Impedance Signature
3. Evidence of Fluid Contact
• Flat spot
• Abrupt Down-dip
Termination
• Fit to structure

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 DHI Characteristics
Reflection amplitude
The main Hydrocarbon Indicators:

1. Amplitude Strength
2. Impedance Signature
3. Evidence of Fluid Contact
• Flat spot
• Abrupt Down-dip
Termination Acoustic
• Fit to structure Impedance

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 DHI Characteristics
The main Hydrocarbon Indicators: A change from a lighter to a
denser fluid results in a
reflector
1. Amplitude Strength
2. Impedance Signature
3. Evidence of Fluid Contact
• Flat spot
• Abrupt Down-dip
Termination
• Fit to structure A fluid contact will be flat in
depth; it may not be perfectly
flat in time

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 DHI Characteristics
Amplitudes abruptly
The main Hydrocarbon Indicators: terminate downdip at a
change in fluid contact

1. Amplitude Strength
2. Impedance Signature
3. Evidence of Fluid Contact
• Flat spot
• Abrupt Down-dip
Termination
• Fit to structure

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 DHI Characteristics
The main Hydrocarbon Indicators: Amplitude anomaly
conforms to a depth (TWT)
contour
1. Amplitude Strength
2. Impedance Signature
3. Evidence of Fluid Contact
• Flat spot
• Abrupt Down-dip
Termination
• Fit to structure

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Seismic Survey Said Hasan March 2022
 DHI Characteristics
The main Hydrocarbon Indicators: Amplitude anomaly
conforms to a depth (TWT)
contour
1. Amplitude Strength
2. Impedance Signature
3. Evidence of Fluid Contact
• Flat spot
• Abrupt Down-dip
Termination
• Fit to structure

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 Logs Attribution
Identification of salt and anhydrite beds from
logs

• The main objective of well logging is to obtain the properties of the rocks which are
potential sources of hydrocarbons. Hence, the logs are used to determine specifically the
lithology of formation, porosity, fluid content and saturation.
• Logs are referred small scale while seismic survey referred as large scale waves.

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Log Survey Sawry Sadeq March 2022
 Logs Identification

Some logs that helps identifies lithology

• Neutron :measure the porosity of the formation
The source emits high energy neutrons into formation
as neutron collide with other element they lose energy
• More hydrogen fewer counts high porosity
• Less hydrogen more counts low porosity
• Gamma ray :which measure the natural radioactivity of the formation
• Density log : measure the bulk density of the formation

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 Logs Processing

• Example \
1-GR

2-denity

3-neutron

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 Logs Identification

Reactions of halite (salt)on neutron–density-resistivity

• Halite is NaCl
-Not radioactive
• Very low GR
-no hydrogen
• Zero neutron porosity
• very low density (2.13g/cc)
How about resistivity
• No water
• Its not Nacl solution(salt water )
• Very high resistivity

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Log Survey Sawry Sadeq March 2022
 Logs Identification
Reactions of anhydrite on neutron–density-resistivity
• Anhydrite caso4
• No hydrogen
• Density is very high 2.98g/cc
• How about resistivity
• No water
• Very high resistivity
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Log Survey Sawry Sadeq March 2022
 Logs Processing

• Example \ low GR halite

low density
1-GR zero neutron
high resisitivity
2-caliper

3-Resistivity

4-denity

low GR anhydrite
high density
5-neutron zero neutron
high resisitivity
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 Conclusion

• Structural Analysis
• Stratigraphic Analysis
Seismic and • Porosity
log surveys • Original Oil in Place
can identify • Depositional environment
• Lithology from reflection patterns & velocities

This is done by logs or when many

explosions are used and many receivers are
arranged in lines either in lands or offshore
to image a subsurface.
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 References

• Aminzadeh, F., & Dasgupta, S. N. (2013). Geophysics for petroleum engineers. Newnes.
• Mahmoud Sroor (2011). Geology & Geophysics in Oil Exploration.
• Ming Li (2014). Geophysical Exploration Technology. Elsevier
• Griffiths, D. H., & King, R. F. (2013). Applied geophysics for geologists and engineers: the
elements of geophysical prospecting. Elsevier.
• Boyer, S., & Mari, J. L. (1997). Seismic surveying and well logging.
• Henbest, O. J., Erinakes, D. C., & Hixson, D. H. (1971). Seismic and resistivity methods
of geophysical exploration (No. 44). US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service, Engineering Division.
• Dr. Fred Schroeder (September 26, 2017). Focus of the petroleum industry by seismic
survey. IRIS Earthquake Science organization
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