OSI and TCP/IP

Model

Habib Ur Rahman
Lecturer
Dept. of EEE, BAUET
 Reference Model
● The OSI Reference Model
○ Open Systems Interconnection
○ Not a practical model, just a concept
● The TCP/IP Reference Model
○ Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
○ Practical model
● Both are layered models
○ A layer is created where a different abstraction is needed.
○ Each layer should perform a well-defined function.

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 The OSI Reference Model
• OSI means Open Systems Interconnection
• The main concept of OSI is that the process of communication between
two endpoints in a telecommunication network.
• Why Open System?- Due to systems are open for communication with
other systems.
 The OSI Reference Model
Point should be notice:
• A layer should be created where a different abstraction is needed.
• Each layer should perform a well-defined function.
• The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward defining internationally
standardized protocols.
• The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information flow across the interfaces.
• The number of layers should be large enough that distinct every functions and small enough
that the architecture does not become unwieldy.
 OSI Model
OSI

7 Application

6 Presentation
“Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza
5 Session
Away!”
4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
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 OSI Model
OSI OSI
Supports the communication between applications over the
7 Application network 7 Application
Presents data to the receiver in a form it recognizes
6 Presentation 6 Presentation

5 Session Establishes a connection and terminates it when no longer

required 5 Session

4 Transport Acknowledges the flow of data including re-transmission

where required (Handles segments)
4 Transport

3 Network Adds the appropriate network addresses to packets

(Handles packets)
3 Network

2 Data Link Adds the MAC addresses to frames (Handles frames) 2 Data Link

1 Physical Transmits the data on the medium (Handles Bits) 1 Physical

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OSI Model

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 OSI and TCP/IP Models
OSI TCP/IP

7 Application

6 Presentation Application

5 Session

4 Transport Transport

3 Network Internet

2 Data Link Network

1 Physical Access/link layer
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 OSI and TCP/IP Models - PDU
OSI TCP/IP Protocol Data
Unit
7 Application Data

6 Presentation Application

5 Session

4 Transport Transport Segments

3 Network Internet Packets

2 Data Link Frames

Network Access
1 Physical Bits 9
 Application Layer
OSI TCP/IP Function

7 Application - Provides a set of interfaces for

sending and receiving applications to
6 Presentatio gain access to and use network
Application
n services
5 Session - Deals with networking applications.
Example:
4 Transport Transport • Web browsers
• Email
3 Network Internet • Facebook
2 Data Link Network
1 Physical Access 10
 Application Layer
OSI TCP/IP Function

7 Application - Responsible for presenting the data

in the required format
6 Presentatio - Data is formatted, converted,
Application
n encrypted/decrypted compressed/
5 Session decompressed and sent or presented
to the user
4 Transport Transport

3 Network Internet

2 Data Link Network

1 Physical Access 11
 Application Layer
OSI TCP/IP Function

7 Application - Establishes, manages, and terminates

sessions between two
6 Presentatio communicating hosts.
Application
n - Coordinates communication between
5 Session systems
- Organizes their communication by
4 Transport Transport offering three different modes
3 Network Internet
• Simplex
2 Data Link • Half-duplex
Network • Full-duplex
1 Physical Access 12
 Transport Layer
OSI TCP/IP Function

7 Application - Facilitates end-to-end

communications between multiple
6 Presentation Application applications simultaneously (ports)
5 Session - Reliable and unreliable end-to-end
data transport and data stream
4 Transport Transport services (TCP, UDP, SCTP)
- Other features of this layer:
3 Network Internet
• Sequencing
2 Data Link Network • Acknowledgement
• Retransmission
1 Physical Access • Flow Controls
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 Network Layer
OSI TCP/IP Function

7 Application - Provide host addressing (IP)

- Choose the best path to the
6 Presentation Application destination network (Routing)
5 Session - Switch packets out of the correct
interface (Forwarding)
4 Transport Transport - Maintain quality of service (QoS)
- Connectionless end-to-end
3 Network Internet
networking
2 Data Link Network
1 Physical Access
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 Data Link Layer
OSI TCP/IP Function

7 Application - Performs Physical Addressing

- 2 sublayers:
6 Presentation Application - Logical Link Control (LLC)
5 Session provides services to the upper
layers
4 Transport Transport - Media Access Control (MAC)
defines how devices access the
3 Network Internet
medium
2 Data Link - Error Detection and Checking
Network
1 Physical Access
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 Physical Layer
OSI TCP/IP Function

7 Application - This is the physical media through

which the data, represented as
6 Presentation Application electronic signals, is sent from the
5 Session source host to the destination host.
- Move bits between devices
4 Transport Transport - Encoding
3 Network Internet

2 Data Link Network

1 Physical Access
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 Encapsulation and Decapsulation
OSI TCP/IP

7 Application
Encapsulation

Decapsulation
6 Presentation Application

5 Session

4 Transport Transport

3 Network Internet

2 Data Link
Network Access
1 Physical
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 Encapsulation

Application Data Data

Transport Segments T D T D T D Transpor

Data
T D T D T D t Header

Internet Packets Network Transpor

Data
Header t Header
Fram
Frame
Network Access Frames Heade
Network Transpor
Data
e
Header t Header Traile
r
r
Bits 1111010010101011011010101010101010111

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Acknowledgement
1. Slides from Tazeen Tasneem, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, EUB
2. Slides from Rakibul Hassan, Lecturer, Dept. of ECE, RUET

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