MATH 1013

Mathematics in the Modern World

Week
DEDUCTIVE, INDUCTIVE
REASONING
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Distinguish between deductive and inductive types of reasoning; and
2. Identify premises and conclusions in logical arguments
INTRODUCTION

Deduction starts from the TOP,

while induction begins at the
BOTTOM.
 INTRODUCTION
Deduction starts from the top, while induction begins at the bottom.
INTRODUCTION

Deduction starts from the top with clear rules.

Those rules are then applied to some observation in order to
predict an outcome:

EXAMPLES
1. All students in this class play guitar. Paul is a student of this class.
Therefore, Paul plays guitar.
2. At the conference, all the people present are thirty or older. Maria is in
the room. Therefore, Maria is at least thirty years old.
INTRODUCTION

Induction begins at the bottom with a set of observations.

And then, from those observations, a set of rules is inferred:

EXAMPLES
1. Every quiz has been easy. Therefore, the test will be easy.
2. The teacher used PPT in the last few classes. Therefore, the teacher
will use PPT tomorrow.
LOGICAL ARGUMENT

A logical argument is composed of the premise and the

conclusion.

A premise can be an assumption, law, rule, widely held

idea, or an observation.

We can reason either inductively or deductively from the

premise to obtain a conclusion.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Deductive reasoning is characterized by applying

general principles to specific examples.
It is a type of reasoning that makes conclusions based on
general assumptions, procedures and principles.
DEDUCTIVE EXAMPLE #1
Logical argument
To earn a master’s degree in mathematics, a graduate student must earn 42
units. Janice, a mathematics graduate student has earned 36 units.
Therefore, Janice is close to finishing her studies to get a master’s degree.

Premise
To earn a master’s degree in mathematics, a graduate student must earn 42
units. Janice, a mathematics graduate student has earned 36 units.

Conclusion
Janice is close to finishing her studies to get a master’s degree.
DEDUCTIVE EXAMPLE #2
Logical argument
All integers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. Therefore,
905 is divisible by 5.

Premise
All integers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5.

Conclusion
905 is divisible by 5.
 DEDUCTIVE EXAMPLE #3
Logical argument
All home renovations cost more than the estimate. The contractor estimated
that my home renovation will cost P200,000. Hence, my home renovation
will cost more than Php200,000.

Premise
All home renovations cost more the estimate, and the contractor estimated
my home renovation to cost P200,000.

Conclusion
my home renovation will cost more than Php200,000.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
Inductive reasoning is characterized by drawing a general
conclusion from repeated observations of specific
examples. This general conclusion is called a conjecture.

A conjecture is an educated guess based upon repeated

observations of a particular process or pattern. As a result,
the conjecture may or may not be true.
INDUCTIVE REASONING

Inductive reasoning usually takes specific examples, and

then makes general conclusions.
INDUCTIVE EXAMPLE #1
Logical argument
Our house is made of rocks. Both of my next door neighbors
have rock houses. Therefore, all houses in our neighborhood are
made of rocks.

Premise
My house and next–door neighbors’ houses are made of rocks.

Conclusion
All houses in our neighborhood are made of rocks.
INDUCTIVE EXAMPLE #2
Logical argument
Matt leaves for school at 6:00 AM. Matt is always on time. Matt,
then, will always be on time if he leaves at 6:00 AM.

Premise
Matt has always been on time every time he leaves for school at
6:00am.

Conclusion
Matt will always be on time if he continues to leave at 6:00am.
INDUCTIVE EXAMPLE #3
Logical argument
During the past 15 years, a tree has produced mango fruits every
other year. Last year, the tree did not produce mango fruits, so
this year the tree will produce mango fruits.

Premise
A tree has produced mangoes every other year for the past 15
years, and the tree did not produce any last year.

Conclusion
This year it will produce mango fruits.