Purposive

communication
Prepared by: Aqliah P. Zacaria
 According to Weekley (1967)
‘the word communicate derives from
the Latin word “communicare” which
means “to share” or “to make
something common.’

Communication is defined as the

process of understanding and
sharing meaning (Pearson & Nelson,
2000).
 Communication Process
The Expert Program Management (n.d.) believed that: “The communication
process can help ensure you construct and deliver your message to the
best of your ability.”

01 02 03

Sender Message encoding

The person who wants to The information the How the message is to
communicate sender wishes to be communicated e.g.
communicate verbally or written
 Communication Process
The Expert Program Management (n.d.) believed that: “The communication
process can help ensure you construct and deliver your message to the
best of your ability.”

04 05 06

Channel Receiver Decoding

How the message is sent The person to whom the How the receiver
e.g., face-to-face or by sender sends the understands or
email message interprets the message
 Communication Process
The Expert Program Management (n.d.) believed that: “The communication
process can help ensure you construct and deliver your message to the
best of your ability.”

07 08

Feedback Noise/Interference

The receiver’s response Anything that might

to the message interfere with
communication or reduce
the channel of
successful
communication
Four Types of Psychological Noise
This type of noise comes from

Noise:
within us

Physical Noise
This is any type of noise that
distracts us

Environmental Noise
This type of noise comes from the
environment around us

Semantic Noise
This type of noise is created by
the sender
Communication Competence

According to Cooley and Roach (1985),

communication competence is
“knowledge of effective and
appropriate communication patterns
and the ability to use and adapt that
knowledge in various contexts.”
 Knowledge

Components: Ability to use

Ability to adapt to various contexts

Types of Communication

Willkomm (2018) discussed five types

of communication and McLean (2005)
expounded on the sub-types of verbal
communication as follows:
1. Verbal Communication
McLean divided verbal communication into four subcategories:

1) Intrapersonal Communication
2) Interpersonal Communication
3) Small Group Communication
4) Public Communication

2. Non-verbal Communication
3. Written Communication
4. Listening
5. Visualization
Globalization
- Globalization refers to the integration of the world-wide
interconnectedness in terms of ideas, practices, economies,
cultures, and populations, brought about by exchange of goods,
services, technology, flows of investments, people, and
information across the border.

- In 1990, English Sociologist Anthony Giddens described

globalization as “the intensification of worldwide social relations
which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings
are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.”
Four impacts of globalization on
Virtual Interactions
communication:

Cultural Awareness in Speech

Cultural awareness in body

language

Time differences
Culture
 In Magan, Nano, and Turano
(2018)Ting-Toomey and Takai (2006, p,
691 cited in Oetzel, 2009) defined
culture as the overall learned behavior of
a group of people that are generally
considered to be tradition and are handed
from generation to generation.
 Culture refers to society and its
way of life. It is defined as a set of
values and beliefs, or a cluster of
learned behaviors that we share
with others in a particular society,
giving us a sense of belongingness
and identity.
 Zimmermann (2017) quoted
Cristina De Rossi, anthropologist at
Barnet and Southgate College in
London, who said that “culture
encompasses religion, food, what we
wear, how we wear it, our language,
marriage, music, what we believe is
right or wrong, how we sit at the
table, how we greet visitors, how we
behave with loved ones, and a million
other things.”
Bodley (1999 cited in lebron,
what people think
2013) added three basic
components of culture, namely:
what they do

the material and products they

produce
 Elements of Culture

 Language
 Medical cure
 Religion
 Child rearing method
 Food
 Folk art
 Celebrations
 Jokes
 Manners
 Clothes and dressing
 Working schedules
Multiculturalism
 Multiculturalism is the practice of giving
equal attention to many different backgrounds
in a particular setting. It is a community with
people belonging from different groups and
having different traditions and practices live
togetherand embrace the uniqueness of one
another.
 Multiculturalism is defined as “the view that
cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly
those of minority groups, deserve special
acknowledgement of their differences within a
dominant political culture” (Eagan, n. d.)
World Englishes
World Englishes are varieties of the
English language spoken by non-native
English speakers who created their own
version of the said language as if they
owned it.
 Kachru’s Concentric Model:
1. The Inner Circle
(USA, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, and New Zealand)

2. The Outer Circle

(Bangladesh, Ghana, Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Kenya,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Zambia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, Tanzania)

3. The Expanding Circle

(China, Indonesia, Korea, Caribbean countries, South America, Nepal,
Israel, Taiwan, Egypt, Japan, and Saudi Arabia)
 British English American English

1. Lift 1. Elevator
2. Flat 2. Apartment
3. Trousers 3. Pants
4. Biscuit 4. Cookie
5. Petrol 5. Gas
6. Torch 6. Flashlight
7. Mobile Phone 7. Cell Phone
8. Parcel 8. Package
9. Boot 9. Trunk
10. Queue 10. Line
According to Dayag (2012) Philippine English is
a legitimate nativized variety of English. It is
the language used by Filipinos in controlling
domains such as science and technology, the
judiciary, the legislature, bureaucracy, higher
education, scholarly discourse, and the like.
 16 English Words and Sayings Travelers Won’t Understand
in the Philippines:

1. “I’ll go ahead”
2. C.R.
3. G.R.O. and Hostess
4. Tomboy
5. Jeep/Jeepney
6. Tricycle
7. “For a while”
8. Mamser
 16 English Words and Sayings Travelers Won’t Understand
in the Philippines:

9. Nosebleed
10. Salvage
11. Aircon
12. Ref
13. Traffic
14. Open and Close (appliances/electronics)
15. Napkin
16. High Blood
Registers
 According to Arnan (2021),
Nordquist (2019) defined register
as the way a speaker uses
language differently in various
circumstances and occasions. She
even stresses that registers to be
used depends on the following
factors as social occasions,
context, purpose, and audience.
 Static Register- a style of communications that is
RARELY or NEVER changes.

Formal Register- is used in formal settings and is a

Kinds of Register: one-way in nature.

Consultative Register- is a standard form of

communications and is a professional discourse.
 Casual Register- is informal language used by peers
and friends. This is a “group” language and one must
be member to engage in this register..

Kinds of Register:
Intimate Register- is a private communication. It is
reserved for close family members or intimate people.
 Some rules of the formal register (Sarip et al., 2019)

1. Do not use contractions.

2. Spell out numbers less than one hundred.
3. Write in third person point of view.
4. Avoid using too much passive voice.
5. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggerations, and clishes.
6. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms.
7. Do not start sentences with words like, and so, but, also.
8. Always write in complete sentences.
9. Write longer, more complex sentences.
THANK YOU