Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contraception
Contraception
Contraception
Cervical mucorrhea- the mucus at times may be irritating to the vagina and vulva.
Vaginitis or vulvovaginitis, especially that caused by Candida species, also may
develop.
Hyperpigmentation of the face and forehead— known as chloasma—is more
likely in women who demonstrated such a change during pregnancy.
Uterine leiomyomas -do not increase in size with oral contraceptive use . Low-
dose estrogen formulations are not associated with depression, and indeed, may
cause it to improve .
Hormonal contraception does not prevent the transmission of HIV infection or any
other viral infection.
Risk of Death --Mortality associated with oral contraceptives is rare if a woman is
younger than 35, has no systemic illness, and does not smoke.
Postpartum Use- Women who do not breast feed may ovulate before 6 weeks
after pregnancy. To starting oral contraceptives before the traditional 6-week
postpartum examination.
Contraindications: Combination contraceptives should not be used in
women with:
The combined contraceptive approved patch is applied to the buttocks, upper outer
arm, lower abdomen, or upper torso but avoiding the breasts.
Therapeutic effects are achieved at lower peak doses since first-pass hepatic
metabolism and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract are avoided.
Plasma hormone levels remain constant (peaks and troughs do not occur).
Sustained drug delivery reduces the need for frequent self-administration, and thus
may improve patient compliance.
The nonoral route of administration is useful for patients who have difficulty
swallowing pills.
Immediate cessation of drug administration is possible with removal of the
transdermal system.
Although data are limited, there is a possibility of an increased risk of venous
thromboembolism (VTE) in patch users compared to users of estrogen-progestin
oral contraceptives.
Transvaginal Administration
Progestin Implants-levonorgestrel
Hormonal Emergency Contraception
Estrogen-Progestin Combinations
Progestins Only
Mechanical Methods of Contraception
The Mirena device releases levonorgestrel into the uterus at a relatively constant rate
of 20 g/d, which reduces the systemic effects of the progestin. It is a T-shaped
polyethylene structure that has its stem wrapped with a cylinder made of
polydimethylsiloxane and levonorgestrel. A permeable membrane surrounds the
mixture to regulate the rate of hormone release. A monofilament brown polyethylene
thread is attached to a small loop at the distal end of the device's vertical body.
Through a small incision in the scrotum, the lumen of the vas deferens is
disrupted to block the passage of sperm from the testes. With local
analgesia, the procedure is usually performed within 20 minutes.