Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DKA Presentation - 2022
DKA Presentation - 2022
February 2022
Objectives
• Understand the principles of management of the child with
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
• Be familiar with the Paeds DKA order set to be able to
anticipate nursing actions
• Be familiar with complications of DKA and their treatment
Our patient
• 4 year old girl
• Comes to ER at 1830 with abdominal pain and vomiting
• History:
• 2 weeks of polyuria, polydypsia.
• Weight loss of 4 kg in the last 2 months.
• Seen in the community yesterday – sent for blood work.
Initial presentation in Ontario
• DKA as initial presentation –
18.6%
• Younger kids are missed more
often:
• Age ≤ 3 years – 39.7% in DKA
• Age > 3 years – 16.3% in DKA
• Labs:
• Glucose - 35 mmol/L
• VBG:
• pH: 7.12 (7.32-7.43)
• pCO2 – 30 mmHg (40-50)
• HCO3 – 5 mmol/L (22-29)
• B.E. – (-17) (-2-3)
• Electrolytes – Na – 138 mEq/L, K – 4.5 mEq/L
• Urinalysis positive for ketones and glucose
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
• A state of absolute or relative deficiency of insulin:
• Hyperglycemia
• Dehydration
• Production of keto-acids and subsequent metabolic
acidosis
Insulin Deficiency
Hyperglycemia Lipolysis
Osmotic Diuresis
Loss of cations including K Ketogenesis
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis
• Orders:
• 0.1 units/kg/hr for the insulin infusion and
• Rate for NS infusion should keep patients total IV fluid intake at 5
mL/kg/hr (147.5 mL/hr)
• Your patient weighs 29.5 kg so what rate should these be infusing at?
• Insulin should be at 29.5 mL/ hr
• TFI= 29.5 x 5= 147.5 mL/hr.
• 147.5- 29.5 for insulin= 118 mL/hr for NS
What do you need to do when….
1. After 30 minutes on the insulin infusion, your patient pees…
- Change maintenance infusion to NS + 40 KCl
36.7
7.37
44
26
-1
POCT Glucose: 8.2
Switching over to SC insulin
• Give the SC dose
• Disconnect the infusion 15-30 minutes afterwards.
Physiologic Insulin Secretion:
24-hour Profile
50
Insulin Prandial insulin
(µU/mL) 25
0 Basal insulin
150
Glucose 100 Prandial glucose
(mg/dL)
50
Basal glucose
0
7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
AM PM
Time of day
MDI (Multiple Daily Injection)
Regimen
• More physiologic
• Flexibility with meal times and
amount of food consumed.
• Requires 4 injections a day
(at least)
• Requires carbohydrate counting.
• Correction Factor:
• Check blood sugar and determine what her target blood sugar is.
• I.e. for our patient, goal is 6 mmol/ L and her current sugar is 10.
• Her correction factor is 1 unit insulin: 3 mmol/L glucose meaning we give 1 unit for
every 3 mmol she is above 6.
• She is 4 greater than the goal so 4/3= 1.3 or 1 unit of insulin