Disaster and

Disaster
Risk in the
Philippines
An earthquake is caused by a
sudden slippage of rock masses
below or at the surface of the earth.
This sudden release of energy
causes the seismic waves that make
the ground shake.

Earthquakes can be man-made as a

result from activities such as:
i.) Detonation of explosives
ii.) Deep mining

Earthquake
Classificatio Tectonic
• produced by sudden movement along faults and plate

n of boundaries

Earthquakes
Volcanic
• induced by rising lava or magma beneath active
volcanoes
Hazards Posed by
Earthquakes
• Ground Shaking
- The destructive effects of earthquakes are
due mainly to intense ground shaking or
vibrations.
- This causes buildings to tilt, split, or
collapse. Bridges break, water pipes and other
utility installations may be dislocated.
1. Liquefaction
• Liquefaction takes place when loosely packed,
water-logged sediments at or near the ground
surface lose their strength in response to strong
ground shaking. Liquefaction occurring beneath
buildings and other structures can cause major
damage during earthquakes.
2. Landslide
• Landslides, also known as landslips, are a
sliding down of a mass of earth or rock from a
mountain or cliff. May include a wide range of
ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-
seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris
flows. This is caused by disturbances in the
natural stability of a slope.
3. Ground Rupture

• Ground rupture is a deformation on the ground

that marks intersection of the fault plane with
the earth’s surface. The most common
manifestation is a long fissure. May also occur
as a series of discontinuous cracks, mounds or
depression.
4. Tsunami
• Tsunami is a series of extremely long waves
caused by a large and sudden displacement of
the ocean, usually the result of an earthquake
(about magnitude 7) below or near the ocean
floor.
PHIVOLCS
Earthquake
Intensity
Scale
PHIVOLCS
Earthquake
Intensity
Scale
Preparedness and
Mitigation:
What to do before
an Earthquake
1. Planning
• Determine whether the site is
along an active fault or prone to
liquefaction or landslide.
• Follow proper structural design
and engineering practice.
• Evaluate structural soundness o
buildings.
• Develop family, workplace and
community preparedness and
evacuation plan.
2. Preparedness
• Strap heavy furnitures/cabinets to
the wall to prevent sliding.
• Store fragile items, harmful
chemicals, flammable materials.
• Turn of gas tanks when not in use.
• Check stability and secure
hanging objects.
3. Familiarize
• Education of the usage of fire
extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms
and emergency exits.
• Identify the building’s strong parts
for possible refuge during an
earthquake.
• Advise people not to use elevators
during and after an earthquake.
4. Prepare and Maintain
Survival Kit
• Battery-powered radio
• Flashlight
• First Aid Kit
• Water
• Food
• Clothes
• Other Necessities
5. Conduct Contingency Plan
• Conduct an orientation and
participate in regular earthquake
drills.
6. Evaluation
• Total number of people in each
floor in the building.
• Identify people with special needs.
• Study and analyze the building
layout for evacuation plan and exit
points.
Response:
What to do
during an
Earthquake
1. Stay Calm and 2. Stay There!
• If you're outside, stay outside.
• If you're indoors, stand against a
wall near the center of the
building, stand in a doorway, or
crawl under heavy furniture.
• Stay away from windows and
outside doors.
• If you're outdoors, stay in the
open away from power lines or
anything that might fall.
Rehabilitation:
What to do after
an Earthquake
1. Get Out
• Once the shaking stops, take the
fastest and safest way out of the
building.
• Don’t rush but keep calm.
• Do not use elevators.
• Go to an open area.
• Check yourself and others for
injuries.
2. Emergency Only
• Do not use your phone to call
relatives. Authorities may need
the line for emergency
communication.
• Do not use your car to drive
around areas of damage.
3. Obey
• Do not enter partially damaged
buildings, it might collapse after
an aftershock.
• Gather information and disaster
prevention instructions.
• Obey public safety precautions.
4. Check
• Call authority to clean up
chemical spills, toxic and
flammable materials to avoid
chains of events.
• Check for fire and if any have it
controlled.
• Check your water and electrical
lines for defects.
5. Leave a Message
• The school head shall provide
safety precautions and not allow
students to go out of the campus
unless the student is with their
parents/relatives.
• If there is a need to evacuate,
apply buddy-buddy system and
follow orders from the school
head.
• Take with you your Earthquake
Survival Kit.