A TABULAR &

GRAPHICAL DATA
PRESENTATION
(Group 11)
REPORTERS: (BPED 3B)

Alvares, Mae Ann T.

Collera, Rylene Kate
Porcare, Edwena E.
Presentation of Data
Method by which the people organize, summarize and communicate
information using variety of tools such as tables/tabular and graphical.
Tabulation
- refers to the organization and presentation of data in a table format.
Tabular data is arranged in rows and columns, with each rows representing
an individual observation or data/ representing specific variables or
attribution.

Significance of Tabulation:
• Simplifies complex data
• Unnecessary details and repetition of data avoided in
tabulation
• Facilitates comparison
• Gives identity to data
• Reveals pattern with in the figures which cannot be
seen in the narrative form.
Classification of Tabular Presentation of Data
- Quantitative Classification: in this analysis, the data is classified and
distributed on the basis of features that are quantitative in nature. The
features can be calculated by estimating the quantitative value in simpler
terms.
- Qualitative Classification: As the data is classified and distributed
according to traits such as physical status, national, social status, etc., it is
called qualitative classification.
- Temporal Classification: In this type of classification, time becomes the
categorizing and distribution of variables of data. By the time, it could mean
years, months, days, hours, etc.
- Spatial Classification: In this type of classification, the data is categorised
and distributed on the basis of location; the location or place could be
country, state, district, block, village/town, etc.
Frequency Distribution Table
- In research papers, the type of tabulation commonly used is known as
a frequency distribution table
- A frequency distribution table is the tabular arrangement of data by
classes together with the corresponding class frequencies.
- The main purpose of frequency distribution table is it summarizes data
by organizing it into different categories or intervals and displaying the
number of occurrences (frequency) for each category. It is particularly
useful for categorical and discrete numerical data.

Types of Frequency Distribution

• Grouped Frequency Distribution
• Ungrouped Frequency Distribution
• Relative Frequency Distribution
• Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Types of Frequency Distribution
- Ungrouped frequency distributions: The number of observations of each
value of a variable. This type of frequency distribution is used for categorical
variables.
- Grouped frequency distributions: The number of observations of each class
interval of a variable. Class intervals are ordered groupings of a variable’s
values. This type of frequency distribution is used for quantitative variables.
- Relative frequency distributions: The proportion of observations of each
value or class interval of a variable. This type of frequency distribution used for
any type of variable and in comparing frequencies.
- Cumulative frequency distributions: The sum of the frequencies less than or
equal to each value or class interval of a variables. This type of frequency
distribution can be used for ordinal or quantitative variables when you want to
understand how often observations fall below certain values.
Graphical Presentation of Data
- Refers to a visual representation of data using various types of graphs,
charts and diagrams. Enabling statisticians to identify patterns,
relationship, trends and outliers more effectively.

Significance of Graphical:
• They are attractive
• They give a bird’s eye-view of data
• They can be easily understood
• They facilitate comparison of various characteristics
• Theorems and results of statistics can be visualized
using graphs
Types of Graphs
- Line graphs – A line graph also known as a line plot or a line chart is a
graph that uses lines to connect individual data points. A line graph displays
quantitative values over a specified time interval.

Types of Line Graph

Simple Line Graph Multiple Line Graph Compound Line Graph
- Bar graphs - are the pictorial representation of data (generally grouped), in the
form of vertical or horizontal rectangular bars, where the length of bars are
proportional to the measure of data. They are also known as bar charts. Bar
graphs are one of the means of data handling in statistics.
Bar graphs are used for
categorical or discrete data, while
histograms are used for
continuous numerical data. Bar
graphs emphasize the comparison
between categories, while
histograms focus on the
distribution of values within
intervals. Understanding the
nature of the data and the research
question at hand will help
determine whether a bar graph or
histogram is more appropriate for
visualizing and analyzing the data.
- Pie chart is also known as a “circle chart”, dividing the circular statistical
graphic into sectors or sections to illustrate the numerical problems

Pie chart formula:

(Given Data/Total value of

Data) × 360°
- Stem and leaf plot is used to organize data as they are collected. A stem and
leaf plot looks something like a bar graph. Each number in the data is broken
down into a stem and a leaf, thus the name. The stem of the number includes
all but the last digit.
- Scatter plot or a scatter chart helps show the relationship between items based
on two different variables and data sets. Dots (or plot data) are plotted in an x-y
coordinate system. In some scatter plots, a trend line is added (like in the
example below) to a scatter plot.

When to use a scatter plot

•Show relationships between two variables.
•You have two variables of data that
complement each other.
- Pictograph Despite having ‘graph’ in the name, a pictograph doesn’t fall into
types of graphs. Instead, a pictograph or a pictogram is a type of chart that
uses pictures or icons to represent data. Each icon stands for a certain number
of data sets, units or objects.
- Heat map Heat maps use colors to represent different values, allowing you to
view patterns, variance, and clusters in large data sets.

When to use heat maps

•When visualizing geographic or spatial data.
•If you need to show data density on a map.
•When you want to identify clusters and outliers
in your data set.
- Flow charts represent workflows or processes showing the steps as boxes of
various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows.

When to use flow charts

•When you want to diagram a process.
•If you need to understand and
communicate how different steps in a
process relate to each other.
•When you need to identify bottlenecks
or inefficiencies in a process.
Importance:

Knowing how to present data in both tabular and graphical formats is

essential for effective communication, analysis, and dissemination of
research findings. It enhances the overall impact and value of the
research, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the
respective field.
THANK
YOU