DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES

Shubhangi Krishna
 INTRODUCTION
• Display is a device used to present visual
information.
• The main aim of any display technology is to
simplify the information sharing.
• Today, there are different types of displays used
for different applications.
• Earlier CRT displays were used but nowadays,
LCD, LED, Plasma, OLED displays are used.
 CRT DISPLAY
• A CRT monitor displays colour pictures by
using a combination of phosphors that emit
different colored light.
• It generates a range of colors by combining
the emitted light from different phosphors
• Basic techniques for produced coloured
displays:
– Beam penetration technique
– Shadow mask technique
 WORKING OF CRT
• The electron gun, emits a beam of electrons (cathode
rays).
• The electron beam passes through focusing and
deflection plates that direct it towards specified
positions on the phosphor coated screen.
• When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a
small spot of light at each position contacted by the
electron beam.
• It redraws the picture by directing the electron beam
back over same screen points quickly
 TECHNIQUES
• There are basically two techniques for
producing color displays with a CRT the:
– Beam-penetration method
– Shadow mask method
 SHADOW MASK TECHNIQUE
• Commonly used in raster-scan systems
( including color TV) because they produce a
much wider range of colors than the Beam
Penetration Method.
• The Shadow Mask Technique involves the
usage of three electron guns, one for each
color dot, and a shadow-mask grid just behind
the phosphor-coated screen.
• It has three phosphor color dots at each pixel
position.
• The first phosphor dot emits a red light, the
second one emits a green light and the third
emits a blue light.
• The phosphor transforms the Kinetic Energy of
the electrons into Light Energy.
• ADVANTAGES
– The image is more real as compared to other RGB
filtering methods.
– This technique is customizable.
– Relatively less expensive compared to other
techniques.
• DISADVANTAGES
– Use of very limited colors, only three to four colors
usage.
– Other methods available provide much better
results in terms of the quality of the picture.
 BEAM PENETRATION TECHNIQUE
• Beam penetration is a method for producing color
displays with CRT.
• The beam penetration technique uses multilayer
phosphorus and achieves color by modulating the
beam’s accelerating potential.
• It uses a random scan system to display color.
• The arrangement of beam penetration CRT is similar
to the normal CRT.
• The only unusual component is the use of multilayer
phosphorus inside beam penetration.
• In multilayer phosphorus, a layer of red phosphorus is
deposited behind the initial layer of green phosphorus.
• This method produces four colors only, red, green,
orange, and yellow.
• The electron beam is produced by using an electron
gun.
• However, the principle problem with this technique is
the need to change the beam accelerating potential by
an adequate amount in order to switch colors.
• When the accelerating potential changes, the
deflection system must react to compensate.
• The hardware and software design must introduce
delays between changes in color.
• ADVANTAGES
– It is a cheaper method.
– This method provides high resolution.
– It uses only one electron gun whereas the other
method uses three or more electron guns.
– A reliable method for producing colors.
• DISADVANTAGES
– Produces only four colors.
– Not suitable for producing realistic views.
– Only suitable for the random scan.
– Color changing process takes time.
– The picture quality is quite poor.
 DIRECT VIEW STORAGE TUBE
• DVST is the resemblance of CRT because of the
feature of drawing and displaying image.
• It uses electron gun to draw the image and to display
the image it uses phosphorus coated screen.
• There is the use of phosphorus which has high
persistence.
• To store the definition of image it does not use
refresh buffer or frame buffer.
• In this the definition of picture is stored in the CRT in
the form of positive charged distribution.
• Due to this reason, it is also been called as Storage
type CRT.
• ADVANTAGES
– No refreshing is needed.
– High Resolution
– Cost is very less
• DISADVANTAGES
– It is not possible to erase the selected part of a
picture.
– It is not suitable for dynamic graphics applications.
– Picture modification uses a lot of time.
 VIDEO DISPLAYS
• Video Displays are two-dimensional displays
that cover a full area, basically a rectangle.
• The different types of video displays are:
– LED Display
– Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)
– Plasma Display
• In this no refreshing is used due to which picture
on the DVST will be seen for only 40-50 minutes
before fading.
• Various components which are used in DVST are:
– Electron gun
– Phosphorus Coated Screen
– Strong Mesh
– Collector
• Two guns are used in DVST
– Primary guns: It is used to store the picture pattern.
– Flood gun or Secondary gun: It is used to maintain
picture display.
 LED DISPLAY
• It is a type of display that uses light emitting diodes.
• LED is short for Light Emitting Diode.
• An LED emits light as a result of electric luminescence.
• It is also known as “cold light” as, unlike with old-fashioned
incandescent bulbs, the light is not produced by heating a
metal filament.
• The diode, on the other hand, emits light when electricity
flows through two specially coated silicon semiconductors.
• It is one of the most energy-efficient and power-saving
ways to produce light.
LED DISPLAY
ADVANTAGES:
• Long Service Life
• Good environmental performance
• Low heat generation
• Low Power
• Many Color Choices
DISADVANTAGES:
• Sensitive to Voltage Spike
• Heat dissipation in some applications
 LCD DISPLAY
• This display generally depends upon the light
modulating properties of liquid crystals.
• The low power consumption makes it good to
use in all types of electronic equipments that
are battery powered.
• LCDs are electronically modulated and are
made of liquid crystals which are arrayed in
front of the light source to produce images in
color.
• LCDs are commonly used in systems, such as calculators
and laptop computers.
• These non-emissive devices produce a picture by
passing polarized light from the surrounding or from an
internal light source through a liquid- crystal material
that can be aligned to either block or transmit the light.
• A liquid crystal display consists of an array of tiny
segments (called pixels) that can be manipulated to
present information.
• The main advantage of LCD is size.
• There is no huge picture tube. The drawbacks with LCDs
are viewing angle, contrast ratio, and response time.
 PLASMA DISPLAY
• Plasma panels, also called gas discharge displays, are
constructed by filling the region between two glass
plates with a mixture of gases that usually include neon.
• A series of vertical conducting ribbons is placed on one
glass panel, and a set of horizontal ribbons is built into
the other glass panel.
• Firing voltages applied to a pair of horizontal and vertical
conductors cause the gas at the intersection of the two
conductors to break down into a glowing plasma of
electrons and ions.
• Picture definition is stored in a refresh buffer, and the
firing voltages are applied to refresh the pixel positions
(at the intersections of the conductors) 60 times per
second.
BEHIND-THE-SCENE OF A PLASMA SCREEN
 COLOR DISPLAY
• In colour display every pixel is made up of
three separate sub pixels.
• Each sub pixels is coated with three different
phosphors to emit red, green and blue lights.
• Colors from each sub pixel blend together to
create the overall colour of the pixel.
 OLED DISPLAY
• OLED means Organic Light Emitting Diode. As the
name indicates that it relies on organic materials.
• Organic Light Emitting Devices (OLED) emit light from
active luminescent material in each display pixel.
• OLED panels are made from organic materials that
emit light when electricity is applied through them.
• Since OLEDs do not require a backlight and filters
(like LCD displays do), they are more efficient, simpler
to make, and much thinner - and in fact can be made
flexible and even roll-able.
• The main component in an OLED display is the OLED
emitter - an organic (carbon-based) material that
emits light when electricity is applied.
• The basic structure of an OLED is an emissive layer
sandwiched between a cathode (which injects
electrons) and an anode (which removes electrons).
• There are various type of OLED like PHOLED
(phosphorescent OLED), TOLED (Transparent OLED),
FOLED (Flexible OLED), WOLED (White OLED),
AMOLED (Active matrix OLED).
• OLED’s basic structure consists of organic materials
positioned between the cathode and the anode,
which is composed of electric conductive transparent
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO).
MAKING OF AN OLED DISPLAY
ADVANTAGES
• Vibrant color
• High Contrast
• High Viewing angle
• Rapid Response Time
• Full motion videos
• Low Cost
 RASTER SCAN DISPLAY
• In Raster scan system the electron beam
swapped across a screen one row at a time
from Top to Bottom .
• As the electron beam moves across each row.
• The beam intensity is turned ON or OFF to
create a pattern of illuminated spot.
• Picture definition is stored in a memory area
called Frame buffer or Refresh buffer.
• This memory area holds the set of intensity
value for all the screen points.
• Home television sets & Dot matrix printers e.g
of such system using of Raster scan system.
• Refreshing on Raster scan display is carryout
at the Rate of 60 to 80 frames per seconds.
• Raster scan system have lower Resolution.
• It is used for photos. This is why Photoshop is
Raster editing program.
• Raster Scan Mainly in photos like
JPG,PNG,GIF File Format.
 RANDOM SCAN DISPLAY
• In Random scan system draw a picture one line
at a time for this reason called as Vector
display.
• Stroke writing or calligraphic displays.
• Picture definition is now stored is a set of line
drawing command in an area of memory which
is called refresh displayed file.
• A Pen plotter operates in similar way and is an
example of Random scan system.
• Refreshing in Random scan display to draw all
the components of lines of pictures 30 to 60
frames per second.
• Cannot produce contrast ,memory doesn’t
store intensity values of pixels.
• Random scan system have higher Resolution
than Raster scan system.
• Random scan produce smooth line drawing
because the CRT directly follows line path.
• Random scan system are designed for line
drawing application & can’t display Realistic
shaded screen.
• It is costlier than Raster Scan system.
• It is used for text, logs, letterheads.
• Random Scan system High Quality Images In
SVG(scalable vector graphics), the size is re-
scalable like logo in sites.
 VIDEO CONTROLLER
• A video controller, or video card or graphics card
as they are now more commonly known, is an
expansion card whose function is to generate and
output images to a display.
• When referring to early machines, the card is
sometimes referred to as a video controller or
graphics controller, when the cards were typically
integrated onto the motherboard itself.
• A video card is basically a graphical translator for
the computer.
• Without a graphic card, a picture would never
appear on computer monitors and would
constantly be showing a blank screen, making
the computer completely useless.
• For a graphics card to do its job, a computer
must at least have these four components:
– Motherboard
– Processor
– Memory
– Monitor to display images created.
• Like a motherboard has a CPU, a graphics card has a GPU
(graphics processing unit).
• The GPU behaves like a CPU in that it is designed
specifically for drawing displays, and is responsible for
performing complex mathematical and geometric
calculations that must be processed for graphics
rendering.
• Much like a CPU is the heart of a computer, the GPU is the
heart of the graphics card.
• The GPU uses special programming created for the video
card to analyze and use data that is used to create images
for display onto the monitor.
• Once the GPU creates the image, it stores the information
it has created into the video card's RAM for later use.
 DISPLAY PROCESSOR
• It is interpreter or piece of hardware that
converts display processor code into pictures.
It is one of the four main parts of the display
processor:
– Display File Memory
– Display Processor
– Display Generator
– Display Console
• Display File Memory: It is used for generation
of the picture. It is used for identification of
graphic entities.
• Display Controller:
– It handles interrupt
– It maintains timings
– It is used for interpretation of instruction.
• Display Generator:
– It is used for the generation of character.
– It is used for the generation of curves.
• Display Console: It contains CRT, LED, LCD,
Plasma, OLED and deflection system.
 IMAGE SCANNER
• It is an input device. The data or text is written on paper
and is sent as input to scanner.
• The paper written information is converted into
electronic format; this format is stored in the computer.
• The input documents can contain text, handwritten
material, picture extra.
• By storing the document in a computer document
became safe for longer period of time. The document
will be permanently stored for the future and can be
printed when needed.
• Scanning can be of the black and white or
colored picture.
 TYPES OF SCANNERS
• Flat-bed Scanner
– It resembles a photocopy machine.
– It has a glass top on its top. Glass top in further
covered using a lid.
– The document to be scanned is kept on glass plate.
– The light is passed underneath side of glass plate.
The light is moved left to right.
– The scanning is done the line by line.
– The process is repeated until the complete line is
scanned. Within 20-25 seconds a document of 4" *
6" can be scanned.
FLAT-BED SCANNER
• Hand Held Scanner
– It has a number of LED's (Light Emitting Diodes)
the LED's are arranged in the small case.
– It is called a Hand held Scanner because it can be
kept in hand which performs scanning.
– For scanning the scanner is moved over document
from the top towards the bottom. Its light is on,
while we move it on document.
– It is dragged very slowly over document.
– If dragging of the scanner over the document is
not proper, the conversion will not correct.
HAND HELD SCANNER