CISC - 102

Tip Question:
 Let’s Know the
difference between: Computer Application
Computer

&

Application
 Tip : Course Description:
 Computer Software
This course is the continuation of CISC 101. It provides students with introductory
 Operating System
concepts and understanding of the following topics: Computer Languages,
 Microsoft Office Computer Software, Operating Systems, Data Communication and Computer
application Networks, Database Fundamentals, Internet basic and Multimedia. It also covers
basic web page creation and integration of the Microsoft Office applications. The
 Database Fundamentals
class will also focus on using the Internet in meaningful class projects.
 Computer Languages

 Data Communication &

Computer Network

 Internet basic

 Multimedia
Outline:
 Introduction to Computer Software
 Definition of Computer Software
 Types of Computer Software
 Operating System
 Introduction to computer Operating System
 Types of Operating Systems
 Computer Language
 Definition of Computer Language
 Types of Languages
 Low Level Language
 High Level Language

 Data Communication & Computer Network

 Introduction to Data Communication
 Component of Data Communication
 Type of Data Communication

 Internet Basic
 Definition of Internet
 WWW / HTTPs
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
 Introduction to
Tips: Computer Software
 A Computer Software is the set of programs that makes the
hardware perform a set of tasks in particular order.
 It refers to programs that tell a computer what to do.

 Hardware and software are complimentary to each other.

 Both have to work together to produce meaningful results.

 Introduction to
Tips: Computer Software

Computer software are classified into two (2) board

categories called:

 System Software

 Application Software
 System Software

Tips:

 System software are programs that control or maintain the

operations of a computer and its devices.

 Enables the Boot Process, Launches Applications, Transfers Files,

Controls Hardware Configuration, Manages Files on the hard
drive, and Protects from unauthorized use
 System Software

Tips:  Enables the Boot Process

The term widely used for turning the computer on is called
BOOTING. In an IT environment, when someone tells you to boot
the computer, it simply means to put the computer on. This is
normally done by a software installed on the system.

There are two (2) types of Booting available:

1. Cold Booting

2. Warm Booting.
 System Software

Tips:  COLD BOOTING

This is the process when we turn off / Shut down our computer and
put it back on by pressing the power button.

 WARM BOOTING

This is the process of restarting your computer or your computer

gets restart due to reasons like setting the configuration for newly
installed software or hardware. Warm booting is also called
rebooting.
 System Software

Tips:

 Launches Applications
 Transfers Files
 Controls Hardware Configuration
 Manages Files on the hard drive and
 Protects from unauthorized use
 System Software

There are two (2) types of system software and

they are:

Operating System
Utility Program
(OS)

Notepad
Window
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
An operating system is a set of computer programs or
instructions that controls the allocation of computer components,
which provides the capability for you to communicate with the
computer.
• It is a special type of program that loads automatically
when you start your computer.
• The software that manages the resources of a
computer system and schedules its operation.
• The operating system acts as an interface between the
user and the hardware of the computer.
• It is a bridge between the user and the hardware.
 Functions of the Operating System

- It conducts a process called as booting

- It loads the user program into the memory and the data
required by the program is also loaded in the memory.
- It interprets the program instructions one at a time

- It gives instruction to display the result on the monitor.

The user interface provided by the operating system can be:
1. Character User Interface (CUI) – it is operated with a
keyboard only.
 Functions of the Operating System

The user interface provided by the operating system can be:

1. Character User Interface (CUI) – it is operated with a

keyboard only.

MS-DOS.
 Functions of the Operating System
2. Graphical User Interface (GUI) – this system can be
operated with a mouse and keyboard. It allows users to point
and select appropriate pictures to invoke the required
functionality of the OS.

Windows 10
 Utilities Program
• Software that performs a specific task, usually related to
managing or maintaining the computer system

• Many utilities are built into operating systems (for finding files,
viewing images, backing up files, etc.)

• Utilities are also available as stand-alone products and as suites

Examples:

Paint – is a program that allows you to

draw objects. It provides several drawing
tools.
 Utilities Program
Notepad – is a basic text editor that's
built into Windows. It is excellent for
writing relatively short text documents
that you want to save as plain text.

Notepad
WordPad - It can be used to create and
modify documents. Although slower to load
than Notepad, it can handle graphics and rich
formatting, unlike notepad, along with
handling larger files.
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
A Programs that allow a user to perform specific tasks on a
computer.
Some common or widely used application software is categorized as:
 Word Processing
 Spread Sheet Package
 Presentation Package
 Database Package
 Accounting Package (QuickBooks)
 Painting Package (Photoshop, CorelDraw)
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Word Processing

Word processing software are used to create, edit, format, and print
documents. A key advantage of word processing software is that
users easily can make changes in documents, such as correcting
spelling; changing margins; and adding, deleting, or relocating entire
paragraphs. With a word processor, documents can be printed
quickly and accurately and easily stored on a disk for future use.
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Spread Sheet Package

Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to add, subtract,

and perform user – defined calculations on rows and columns of
number. Spreadsheet information frequently is converted into a
graphic form, such as charts.
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Presentation Package

Presentation graphics software allows the user to create slides for

use in a presentation to group. Using special projection devices,
the slides are projected directly from the computer.
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Database Package

Database software allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update

data in an organized and efficient manner. These software
packages have flexible inquiry and reporting capabilities that let
users access the data in different ways and create custom reports
that include some or all of the information in the database.
COMPUTER LANGUAGE
 Computer Language
A language is the main medium of communicating between the
Computer systems and the most common are the programming
languages.

• As we know a Computer only understands binary numbers that is 0

and 1 to perform various operations but the languages are developed
for different types of work on a Computer.

• A language consists of all the instructions to make a request to the

system for processing a task.
 Computer Language

• From the first generation and now fourth generation of the

Computers there were several programming languages used to
communicate with the Computer.

• Here we will go in the detail of the Computer language and its

types.

A Computer language includes various languages that are used to

communicate with a Computer machine.
 Computer Language
• Some of the languages like programming language which is a set
of codes or instructions used for communicating the machine.

• Machine code is also considered as a computer language that can

be used for programming.

• And also HTML which is a computer language or a markup

language but not a programming language.

• Similarly there are different types of languages developed for

different types of work to be performed by communicating with
the machine.
 Computer Language

But all the languages that are now available are categorized into two
basic types of languages including
• Low-level language and
• High level language.
Low Level Language:
Low level languages are the machine codes in which the instructions
are given in machine language in the form of 0 and 1 to a Computer
system.
 Computer Language
Low Level Language:
It is mainly designed to operate and handle all the hardware and
instructions set architecture of a Computer.

The main function of the Low level language is to operate, manage

and manipulate the hardware and system components.

There are various programs and applications written in low level

languages that are directly executable without any interpretation
or translation.

The most famous and the base of all programming languages “C”
and “C++” are mostly used Low level languages till today.
 Computer Language
Low Level Language:
Low level language is also divided into two parts are:
 Machine language and
 Assembly language.
Machine Language
The first generation language developed for communicating with a
Computer.

It is written in machine code which represents 0 and 1 binary digits

inside the Computer string which makes it easy to understand and
perform the operations.
 Computer Language
Machine Language
As we know a Computer system can recognize electric signals so here 0
stands for turning off electric pulse and 1 stands for turning on electric
pulse. It is very easy to understand by the Computer and also increases
the processing speed.

Advantage :
– no need of a translator or interpreter to translate the code,
as the Computer can directly can understand.

• Disadvantage :
– Remember the operation codes, memory address every time
you write a program and also hard to find errors in a written
program.
 Computer Language
Assembly Language
The second generation programming language that has almost
similar structure and set of commands as Machine language. Here
we use words or names in English forms and also symbols. The
programs that have been written using words, names and symbols
in assembly language are converted to machine language using an
Assembler.

Because a Computer only understands machine code languages

that’s why we need an Assembler that can convert the Assembly
level language to Machine language so the Computer gets the
instruction and responds quickly.
 Computer Language
Assembly Language

Disadvantage :
– it is written only for a single type of CPU and does not run
on any other CPU.

But its speed makes it the most used low level language till today
which is used by many programmers.
DATA COMMUNICATION
&
COMPUTER NETWORK
 Introduction to Data Communication
The term “Data Communication” comprises two words: Data
Tips:
and Communication.

Data can be any text, image, audio, video, and multimedia files.

Communication is an act of sending or receiving data. Thus,

Data Communication refers to the exchange of data between

two or more networked or connected devices.
These devices must be capable of sending and receiving data
over a communication medium. Examples of such devices
include: Personal Computers, Mobile Phones, Laptops, etc.
 Introduction to Data Communication

Tips: Here is an example of four (4) different types of devices that are
connected to form the network:
 Computer
 Printer
 Server and
 Switch

These devices are connected through a media to the network,

which carry information from one end to other end.
 Components of Data Communication

Whenever we talk about communication between two computing

Tips:
devices using a network, five most important aspects come to our
mind.

These are:
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Communication medium
4. The message to be communicated and
5. Certain rules called protocols to be followed during
communication.

The communication media is also called transmission media.

Components of Data Communication

Sender: A sender is a computer or any such device which is capable of

sending data over a network. It can be a computer, mobile phone,
smartwatch, walkie talkie, video recording device, etc.

Receiver: A receiver is a computer or any such device which is capable

of receiving data from the network. It can be any computer, printer,
laptop, mobile phone, television, etc.

In computer communication, the sender and receiver are known as

nodes in a network.
Components of Data Communication

Message: It is the data or information that needs to be exchanged

between the sender and the receiver. Messages can be in the form of
text, number, image, audio, video, multimedia, etc.

Communication Media: It is the path through which the message

travels between source and destination. It is also called medium or link
which is either wired or wireless. For example, a television cable,
telephone cable, ethernet cable, satellite link, microwaves, etc.

In data communication, the transmission medium is also known as

channel.
 Measuring Capacity of Communication Media
The capacity of a channel is the maximum amount of signals or
Tips:
traffic that a channel can carry. It is measured in terms of
Bandwidth and Data transfer rate.

 Bandwidth
Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies available for
transmission of data through that channel. Higher the bandwidth,
higher the data transfer rate.
Normally, bandwidth is the difference of maximum and minimum
frequency contained in the composite signals. Bandwidth is
measured in Hertz (Hz).
1 KHz =1000 Hz
1 MHz =1000 KHz = 1000000 Hz
 Measuring Capacity of Communication Media

 Data Transfer Rate

Tips:
Data travels in the form of signals over a channel. One signal carries one
A user wants to upload a text
document at the rate of 10
pages per 20 second. What will or more bits over the channel. Data transfer rate is the number of bits
be the required data rate of
the channel? (Assume that 1
page contains 1600 characters
transmitted between source and destination in one second. It is also
and each character is of 8 bits).
known as bit rate. It is measured in terms of bits per second (bps). The
higher units for data transfer rates are:
1 Kbps = 1024 bps
1 Mbps = 1024 Kbps
1 Gbps = 1024 Mbps
1 Tbps = 1024 Gbps
 Types of Data Communication

Data communication happens in the form of signals between two or

Tips:
more computing devices or nodes. The transfer of data happens over a
point-to-point or multipoint communication channel.

Data communication between different devices are broadly

categorized into three (3) types:

1. Simplex communication

2. Half-duplex communication and

3. Full-duplex communication
 Types of Data Communication

Simplex communication
Tips:
It is a one way or unidirectional communication between two
devices in which one device is sender and other one is receiver.
Devices use the entire capacity of the link to transmit the data. It
is like a one way street where vehicles can move in only one
direction. For example, data entered through a keyboard or audio
sent to a speaker are one way communications. With the advent
of IoT, controlling home appliances is another example of simplex
communication. One can control fans, lights, fridge, oven etc.
while sitting in the office or driving a car.
 Types of Data Communication

Half-duplex communication
Tips: It is two way or bidirectional communication between two
devices in which both the devices can send and receive data or
control signals in both directions, but not at the same time. While
one device is sending data, the other one will receive and vice-
versa. It is like sharing a one-way narrow bridge among vehicles
moving in both directions. Vehicles cannot pass the bridge
simultaneously. Basically, it is a simplex channel where the
direction of transmission can be switched. Application of such
type of communication can be found in walkie-talkie where one
can press the push-to-talk button and talk.
This enables the transmitter and turns off the
receiver in that device and others can only listen.
 Types of Data Communication

Full-duplex communication
Tips: It is two way or bidirectional communication in which both
devices can send and receive data simultaneously. It is like a two
way road where vehicles can go in both directions at the same
time. This type of communication channel is employed to allow
simultaneous communication, for example, in our mobile phones
and landline telephones. The capacity of the transmission link is
shared between the signals going in both directions. This can be
done either by using two physically separate simplex lines — one
for sending and other for receiving, or the capacity of the single
channel is shared between the signals travelling in different
directions.
 END!!!
TO BE CONT…