LESSON 7

GEOMETRIC OPTICS
Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light
propagation in terms of rays.

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior

and properties of light, including its interactions with matter
and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.

SIR JERRY RAFINAN

 OBJECTIVES

• Differentiate the properties of plane and spherical mirror

• Differentiate real and virtual image
 PLANE
MIRROR
VS
SPHERICAL
MIRROR PLANE MIRROR
A smooth, mirrored surface that is
completely flat. This makes the image
clear and undistorted.
 PLANE PROPERTIES OF PLANE MIRROR
MIRROR • The image formed is located at the
VS back (behind) the mirror
SPHERICAL • The distance of the object from the
MIRROR mirror is the same as the distance of
the image from the mirror
• The image is upright but there is a
left-right reversal of the image
• The size of the object is the same as
the size of image
• The image is classified as VIRTUAL
 PLANE
MIRROR
VS
SPHERICAL
MIRROR SPHERICAL MIRROR
A mirror that has a consistent
curve and constant radius of
curvature - a sphere-shaped
 TERMINOLOGIES IN
GEOMETRIC OPTICS
VERTEX (V) – the middle portion of the mirror.

CENTER OF CURVATURE (C) – the center of the

sphere at which mirror is a part.
RADIUS OF CURVATURE (r) – the distance from
the vertex to the center
PRINCIPAL AXIS (P) - the line passing through
the vertex and center of curvature
SECONDARY AXIS (S) – a line drawn through the
center of curvature to any part in the mirror
 TERMINOLOGIES IN GEOMETRIC OPTICS
APERTURE (A) – the diameter of the reflecting
surface of a spherical mirror
FOCUS (F) – the point where the reflected rays meet

FOCAL LENGTH (f) – the distance between the

vertex and the focus.
LATERAL MAGNIFICATION
(m) – the ratio of the height of
𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 h𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
the image to the height of the
𝑚=
object in a lens or other optical
system.
𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡h𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
VIRTUAL VS REAL IMAGE
 IMAGE FORMED BY PLANE AND
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
PLANE CONCAVE CONVEX
In Front of the
Location Behind the mirror
mirror
Behind

Orientation Upright/Erect Inverted Upright/Erect

Same size as the Diminishes, same

Size object or magnified
Diminished

Type of Image Virtual Virtual or Real Virtual

MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
An 10 cm tall object is placed in front
of a concave of distance 40 cm. If the
focal length of the mirror is 15 cm,
where is the location of the image?
What is the height of the image?
Describe the orientation and the type
of image produced
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
The same object as in the example 1
is placed in front of convex mirror of
distance 8.0cm. If the mirror has a
focal length of -10.0 cm, where is the
location of the image? What is height
of the image? Describe the
orientation and the type of image
produced.
 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
PHYSICISTS
• Ibn Al-Haytham, also known as Alhazen, is considered as the
father of modern optics who pioneered scientific experimental
methodology.
• Thomas Young is an English physicist responsible for many
important theories and discoveries in optics and human anatomy.
Experiment in Interference of light wave
Diffraction of light
 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
OPTICAL ELEMENTS AND OBJECTS
• Mirror - a reflective surface, now typically of
glass coated with a metal amalgam, that reflects
a clear image.
• Lens - a transmissive optical device which
focuses or disperses a light beam by means of
refraction. Real image can be seen or projected on screen

• Camera Obscura - a darkened room with a

small hole or lens at one side through which an
image is projected onto a wall or table opposite
the hole.
 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
OPTICAL ELEMENTS AND OBJECTS
• Prism - A transparent optical element with flat, a
polished surfaces that are designed to refract
light.
• Binocular - a handheld optical instrument
composed of two telescopes and a focusing
device and usually having prisms to increase
magnifying ability
• Telescope - an optical instrument using lenses,
curved mirrors, or a combination of both to
observe distant objects.
 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
DISEASES INVOLVING LIGHT
• MYOPIA, also known as near-sightedness, is a condition
where a person sees objects that are close to them clearly,
but their long-distance vision is blurry.
• HYPEROPIA, also known as near-sightedness, is condition
causes people to have blurred vision closeup but clear
long-distance vision.
• PRESBYOPIA is the gradual loss of your eyes' ability to
focus on nearby objects.
• ASTIGMATISM is a common eye condition that causes
blurred vision. Some part of the eye has irregular curve.
 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
PRINCIPLES AND THEORY
• Convex lens can be used as magnifying glass.
• Compound lenses are the type of lenses that features two thin lenses
that are mounted on a common axis usually closer to each other or often
cemented together
 LESSON 8
INTERFERENCE AND
DIFFRACTION

SIR JERRY RAFINAN

 INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION
BASIC WAVE TERMINOLOGIES
• Crest – the maximum point in a wave cycle.
• Trough – the minimum point in a wave cycle.
• Amplitude - the maximum displacement or
distance moved by a point on a vibrating
body or wave measured from its equilibrium
position.
• Wavelength – the distance between
successive crests or troughs
 INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION
BASIC PRINCIPLES AND THEORY
• INTERFERENCE is a phenomena in which two waves combine by adding their
displacement together at every single point in space and time, to form a
resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude

In te rf e re n c e o f
w a v e d o p e ra te s
o n th e p ri n c ip le o f
s u p e rp o s it io n o f
waves
 INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION
BASIC PRINCIPLES AND THEORY
DIFFRACTION
came from the Latin word “Diffringere” which
means “to break into pieces”
Diffraction means breaking up light into various
directions or spreading it out.

When light strike the surface of It happens when light bends

disc, a formation of familiar around corners of an obstacles
rainbow is seen.