Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Turbo Machinery Unit 1
Turbo Machinery Unit 1
1. Turbo machinery
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Classification of Turbo machinery
1.3. Application
1.4. Thermodynamics
1.4.1.Basic thermodynamics
1.4.2.Adiabatic flow through nozzles
1.4.3.Adiabatic flow through diffusers
1.5. Compressible flow
1.6. Basic relations
1.1. Introduction
What is “Turbomachinery”?
Turbo is latin origin which means spins or whirls around.
Class of fluid machines having, as its characteristics, the transfer of
As Example:-
-Fan(ventilation fans to the factory and aero fans)
-Pumps(Hydraulics Pumps)
-Compressors
-Turbines
Introduction to Turbo Machinery
DEFINITION:
A turbo machine is a device in which energy transfer occurs between a
flowing fluid and rotating element due to dynamic action. This results in
change of pressure and momentum of
the fluid.
The word turbo or turbines is of Latin origin, it means which spins or whirls
around.
TYPE:
If the fluid transfers energy for the rotation of the impeller, fixed on the
shaft, it is known as
power generating turbo machine.
If the machine transfers energy in the form of angular momentum fed to
the fluid from the rotating impeller, fixed on the shaft, it is known as power
absorbing turbo machine.
Figure . Turbine and Compressor
CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES
1.Based on energy transfer
a)Energy is given by fluid to the rotor - Power generating turbo machine E.g.
Turbines
b)Energy given by the rotor to the fluid – Power absorbing turbo machine
c)E.g. Pumps, blowers and compressors
2.Based on fluid flowing in turbo machine
a)Water
b)Air
c)Steam
d)Hot gases
e)Liquids like petrol etc
3.Based on direction of flow through the impeller or vanes or blades, with
reference to the axis of shaft rotation
a)Axial flow – Axial pump, compressor or turbine
b)Mixed flow – Mixed flow pump, Francis turbine
c)Radial flow – Centrifugal pump or compressor
d)Tangential flow – Pelton water turbine
.
Application of Turbomachines
1. Electric Power generation ( Pelton, Francis and Kaplan Turbines)
2. Thermal Power Plants ( Steam Turbines)
3. Wind Mills
4. Aircraft Propulsion
5. Multi stage Centrifugal pumps and compressors used in Petrochemical
industries
6. Fans & blowers in furnace to produce draught
Brief Historical Review of Fluid Machines
(difference?)
Turbofan Aero Engines Turboprop Aero Engines
Prop-fan:- New Technology Hybriding Turbofan and
Turboprop
[www.conservativecave.c24om]
1.4 Thermodynamics
The sum of specific internal energy u, kinetic energy 1/2V 2, and potential energy gz is
the specific energy e = u + 1\2V2 + gz of the fluid.
The sum of internal energy and flow work is defined as enthalpy h = u + pv.
The specific energy of flow
The sum of enthalpy, kinetic energy, and potential energy is called the stagnation
enthalpy
Turbo machinery flows are nearly adiabatic, so q can be dropped. Then work delivered
by a turbine is given as
Since no work is done and the flow is adiabatic, the stagnation enthalpy remains
constant h01=h02 With negligible change in potential energy, this equation
reduces to
3 Newton’s Second Law Of Motion
Newton’s Second Law states that the sum of all the forces acting on a control
This law states that for a fluid passing through a cycle involving heat exchanges
1.4.2.Adiabatic flow through nozzles
The function of the nozzle is to transform the high-pressure
diffusion.
EXAMPLE
Solution: Using steam tables static enthalpy and entropy of steam at the inlet and
exit are
ideal during expansion. In other words, you get out less energy from the real
process than you could have from an ideal one;
For the compression process the increase in entropy signifies that you need
to put in more energy to compress a fluid than you would have in an ideal
process.
Therefore the efficiency is always smaller or equal to unity
As for the isentropic efficiency the polytrophic efficiency relates a real process
to an ideal one. The main difference however is that the ideal process in this
case is not taken as the single isentropic change of state but rather the flow
work, which is defined as follows;
The flow work is not easily visualized in the h-s diagram. It can be understood
This is due to the fact that the isobars are spread apart with
->Compression process;
By applying directly the concept from total enthalpy change;