Unit no : 01

History of Planning
By
Adityan Madhusoodhanan Pillai(B191200056)
(Roll No:45)

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 History of Planning

• First of all the idea of planned economy was crystallized in 1930s when our
national leaders came under the influence of socialist philosophy.
• India’s Five year plans were very much impressed by the rapid strides
achieved by the USSR through five years plans.
• In 1934, Sir M. Visvesvaraya had published a book titled “Planned
Economy in India”, in which he presented a constructive draft of the
development of India in next ten years.
• His core idea was to lay out a plan to shift labor from agriculture to
industries and double up National income in ten years. This was the first
concrete scholarly work towards planning.
• The economic perspective of India’s freedom movement was formulated
during the thirties between the 1931 Karachi session of Indian National
Congress, 1936 Faizpur session of India National Congress.

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 Evolution of planning in India
• History of urban planning
• The history of urban planning is a technical and political process
concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment,
including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban
areas such as transportation and distribution networks.
• The history of urban planning runs parallel to the history of the city, as
planning is in evidence at some of the earliest known urban sites.

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• First systematic work came into existence e in the year 1934 when the
renowned engineer and statesman M. Visvesvaraya formulated a ten year
plan for economic development of the country in his book “Planned
Economy for India.”
• On the other hand the Government of India Act – 1935, introduced
provincial autonomy which led to the formation of Congress Government
in eight provinces.
• In August 1937 the Congress Working Committee passed a resolution
suggesting the committee of inter provincial experts to consider urgent and
vital problems, the solution of which is necessary to any scheme of
national reconstruction and social planning.

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• National Planning Committee(1938)
• Planning, was first initiated in India in 1938 by Congress President and Indian
National Army supreme leader Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose ,later on Jawaharlal
Nehru was made head of the National Planning Committee. This was followed by
the formulation of National Planning Committee consisting of fifteen members, in a
memorandum, the Committee emphasized that the national independence is an
indispensable primary condition for taking all the steps that might be found
necessary for carrying out the plan in all its various aspects. The setting up by the
Indian National Congress of a National Planning Committee towards the end of
1938 – nine years before independence – highlighted both the importance of social
and economic objectives as also need to profit from the experience of planned
development through national plans elsewhere.

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• The Bombay Plan (1944)
• In the early 1944, several eminent industrialists and economists of Bombay Sir
Purshottamdas Thakurdas, Mr. J.R.D. Tata and six others made another attempt and
published a development plan, which was called Bombay plan. Its main purpose
was to stimulate the thinking of the people and to lay down the principles on
the basis of which a national plan could be formulated and executed. The
planners observed that the plan set out in it is neither in any sense a complete
scheme nor as comprehensive as that of the National Planning committee. The
central aim of the plan was to raise the national income to such a level that after
meeting the minimum requirements of every individual we would be left with
enough resources for the enjoyment of life and for cultural activities.” Thus its
objective was at doubling the per capita income in the country over a period of 15
years. It proposed the increase of about 130 per cent and 500 percent, in agriculture
and industry respectively. The total outlay of Rs. 10,000 crores was recommended.

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• People’s Plan (1945)
• Another plan was prepared by the late M.N. Roy (a ten year plan) called
the ‘People Plan.’ It was different from the Bombay plan in methodology
and priorities. Its chief emphasis was on agricultural and consumer goods
industries through collectivization and setting up of sate owned
industrialization.
• The total outlay was of Rs. 15000 crores. It also advocated the
nationalization of land. The plan was ambitious as it could not properly
mobilize the resources. Therefore, it was totally impracticable.

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• Gandhian Plan
• This plan was drafted by Sriman Nayaran, principal of Wardha
Commercial College. It emphasized the economic decentralization with
primacy to rural development by developing the cottage industries.
• Sarvodaya Plan
• Sarvodaya Plan (1950) was drafted by Jaiprakash Narayan. This plan
itself was inspired by Gandhian Plan and Sarvodaya Idea of Vinoba
Bhave. This plan emphasized on agriculture and small & cottage
industries. It also suggested the freedom from foreign technology and
stressed upon land reforms and decentralized participatory planning.

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• Post War Construction (1941- 1946)
• The government of India seriously considered the plans for the post war
reconstruction during June, 1941and appointed a reconstruction committee
of the cabinet with Viceroy as Chairman and the members of the Executive
Council as Members. In June, 1944 Planning and Development Department
was created under a separate member of the Executive Council for
organizing the planning work in the country.
• To assist the department, there was a Planning and Development Board
consisting of Secretaries of economic department. It suggested to State
Governments that special priority should be given to schemes for training
technical personnel. In 1946 the work of planning had practically been
completed and the department of planning and development was abolished.

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• Advisory Planning Board (1946)
• The interim Government was installed on 24th August, 1946 and the
Advisory Planning Board. The Board submitted its report in January, 1947.
Its major recommendations were:
a) The increase in production that is essential could be secured only through a
well considered plan.
b)There must be control on the use of energy sources, control over
distribution and price and as well leases and sub leases.
c)Mineral rights in the permanently settled areas in Bengal and Bihar
should be acquired by the state.

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 Ancient River valley
civilizations
• A river valley civilization is an agricultural nation or civilization situated
beside and drawing sustenance from a river.
• A "civilization" means a society with large permanent settlements featuring
urban development, social stratification, specialization of labour,
centralized organization, and written or other formal means of
communication. A river gives the inhabitants a reliable source of water for
drinking and agriculture. Additional benefits include fishing, fertile soil due
to annual flooding, and ease of transportation.
• The first great civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia and Ancient
Egypt, all grew up in river valleys. Mesopotamian civilization flourished
near the Tigris River and the civilization of Egypt flourished near the river
Nile.

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• Mesopotamia
• Mesopotamia was one of the earliest river valley civilizations, starting to
form around 4000 BCE. The civilization was created after regular trading
started relationships between multiple cities and states around
the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
• Mesopotamian cities became self-run civil governments. One of the cities
within this civilization, Ur was the first literate society in history.
• Eventually, they constructed irrigation systems to exploit the two rivers,
transforming their dry land into an agriculturally productive area, allowing
population growth throughout the cities and states within Mesopotamia.

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• Egypt
• Ancient Egypt also created irrigation systems from its local river, the Nike
River, more complex than previous systems. The Egyptians would rotate
legumes with cereals , which would stop salt buildup from the
freshwater and enhance the fertility of their fields.
• naThe Nile River also allowed easier travel, eventually resulting in the
creation of two kingdoms in the north and south areas of the river until
both were unified into one society by 3000 BCE.

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• Indus valley
• Much of the history of the Indus valley civilization is unknown.
Discovered in the 1920s, Harrapan society remains a mystery because
the Harappan system of writing has not yet been deciphered.
• It was larger than either Egypt or Mesopotamia. Historians have found
no evidence of violence or a ruling class; there are no distinctive burial
sites, and there is not a lot of evidence to suggest a formal military.
• However, historians believe that the lack of knowledge about the ruling
class and the military is mainly due to the inability to read Harappan
writing.

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• Yellow River
• The Yellow river became settled in 9500 BCE. Many tribes settled along
the river, sixth-longest in the world, which was distinguished by its heavy
load of yellow silt and its periodic devastating floods.
• A major impetus for the tribes to unite into a single kingdom by around
1700 BCE (Erlitou culture , a Yellow river Civilization) was the desire to
find a solution to the frequent deadly floods.
• The Yellow River is often called "The Cradle of Chinese Civilization"

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Impacts of Industrial Revolution on town and
regional planning
1. Industrialization is the process by which an economy is transformed from
primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.
Individual manual labour is often replaced by mechanized mass
production and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines.
2. Characteristics of industrialization include economic growth, more
efficient division of labour, and the use of technological innovation to
solve problems as opposed to dependency on conditions outside human
control.

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• People Move to New Industrial Cities
• The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization or the movement of
people to cities. Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an
ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from
farms to cities.
• Almost overnight, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into
cities. Other cities grew up around the factories that entrepreneurs built in
once-quiet market towns. The British market town of Manchester
numbered 17,000 people in the 1750s.
• Within a few years, it exploded into a center of the textile industry.
Its population soared to 40,000 by 1780 and 70,000 by 1801.
Visitors described the "cloud of coal vapor" that polluted

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• New Social Classes Emerge
• The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with the
working class. Those in the middle class owned and operated the new
factories, mines, and railroads, among other industries.
• Their lifestyle was much more comfortable than that of the industrial
working class. When farm families moved to the new industrial cities, they
became workers in mines or factories.
• Many felt lost and bewildered. They faced tough working conditions in
uncomfortable environments.
• In time, though, factory and mine workers developed their own sense of
community despite the terrible working conditions.

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• Workers Stage Futile Protests
• Although labor unions, or workers' organizations, were illegal at this time,
secret unions did exist among frustrated British workers.
• They wished to initiate worker reforms, such as increases in pay, but had no
political power to effect change. Sometimes their frustration led to
violence.
• The first instances of industrial riots occurred in England from 1811 to
1813. Groups of textile workers known as the Luddites resisted the labor-
saving machines that were costing them their jobs.
• Some of them smashed textile machines with sledgehammers and burned
factories. They usually wore masks and operated at night. There was
widespread support among the working class for these Luddite groups.

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• Factory Workers Face Harsh Conditions
• Working in a factory system differed greatly from working on a farm. In
rural villages, people worked hard, but their work varied according to the
season.
• Life was also hard for poor rural workers who were part of the putting-out
system, but at least they worked at their own pace. In the grim factories of
industrial towns, workers faced a rigid schedule set by the factory whistle.
• Working hours were long, with shifts lasting from 12 to 16 hours, six or
seven days a week. Workers could only take breaks when the factory
owners gave permission. Exhausted workers suffered accidents from
machines that had no safety devices.
• They might lose a finger, a limb, or even their lives. In textile mills,
workers constantly breathed air filled with lint, which damaged their lungs.
Those workers who became sick or injured lost their jobs.

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• The Results of Industrialization
• Since the 1800s, people have debated whether the Industrial Revolution
was a blessing or a curse. The early industrial age brought terrible
hardships.
• In time, however, reformers pressed for laws to improve working
conditions. Labor unions won the right to bargain with employers for better
wages, hours, and working conditions.
• Eventually working-class men gained the right to vote, which gave
them political power. Despite the social problems created by the
Industrial Revolution-low pay, dismal living conditions the Industrial Age
did have some positive effects.
• As demand for mass-produced goods grew, new factories opened,
which in turn created more jobs.

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 Rural-Urban Migration
Rural-urban migration refers to the movement of people from rural to
urban areas. Defining migration is not easy; the same can be said for
“rural” and “urban.” All three of these concepts include many patterns
and processes, and our perceptions of each can vary over time or
geographical context.
In rural areas, less employment opportunities, low wages, drought, lack of
basic amenities, landlessness, social factors act as push factors and more
employment opportunities, higher income, better wages, better facilities
activities as pull factors towards the rural to urban migration.

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 Contribution of individuals to city
planning
• Urban planning is the forward-thinking process whereby towns, cities
and urban areas are laid out based on a set of objectives defined by the
state or territory in conjunction with local councils. Urban planning affects
our transportation system, infrastructure, the layout, and prescribed
densities of our residential, commercial, and industrial areas and more.
Why Is Urban Planning Important?
• Over 80% if the Australian population live and work in cities, and they
choose to do so because access to healthcare, education, and efficient
infrastructure positively affect their quality of life. With all these facilities
and services available and easily obtained, the Australian public is better
able to contribute to the economy and national productivity.

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Planned City Growth
• City development is always most efficient when it’s orderly and in line
with a specific vision. After all, it relies on a framework that takes into
account the current and future needs of the city’s population.
Improved Health and Quality of Life
• When it comes to concerns that most city dwellers share, quality of life is
among the greatest. It’s true that greater opportunities can attract people
to
urban environments. But once they settle in a city, they’re faced with
higher costs of living that have a significant impact on their quality of life.

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Less Environmental Impact
• As the entire planet faces issues caused by global warming, cities are
starting to adapt more and more to environmental considerations. In fact,
the United Nations recently issued a list of development goals with the
purpose of reaching sustainability, making impact assessments mandatory
for development projects in cities.
Better Economy and Resource Utilisation
• Well-developed cities have sprawling markets with plenty of job
opportunities. Naturally, this boosts the city economy and impacts every
aspect of urban life. However, cities still need investments to keep their
economies growing and they are always competing for financial input.

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National Development
• Urban areas have always been the centres of development and growth,
often leading the nation into progress. That situation remains the same
today and the critical role cities play in national development will likely
become even more pronounced.
More Efficient Problem Solving
• Sufficient urban planning allows cities to deal with potential challenges
quickly and more easily through anticipation and the utilisation of thought-
out spatial patterns and infrastructure. This means that in a properly
planned city, all areas will be made as efficient as possible and accessible
for maintenance. In the event a swift reaction is needed, unhindered
communication flow and readiness of city services will be precious.

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