Telecommunication System

ICT-4103

By-
Dr. Jesmin Akhter
Professor
Institute of Information Technology
Jahangirnagar University
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS 2.4.1
Introduction to Transmission
Introduction to Transmission
 Transmission may be defined as the electrical transfer of a signal, message, or other
form of intelligence from one location to another.
 Traditionally, transmission has been one of the two major disciplines of
telecommunication. Switching is the other principal specialty.
 Switching establishes a connection from user X to some distant user Y.
 Transmission is responsible for the transport of the signal from user X to user Y.
 Signal can only be transmitted so far before being corrupted one way or another. For
example, a voice signal transmitted from a standard telephone set over a fairly heavy
copper wire pair may reach a distant 30 km or less distant before losing all
intelligibility. This is because the signal strength is so very low that it becomes
inaudible.
 Introduction to Transmission
 To overcome this distance limitation, we may turn to carrier or radio transmission.
Both transmission types involve the generation and conditioning of a radio signal.
 Carrier transmission usually implies the use of a conductive medium such as wire pair,
coaxial cable, or fiber-optic cable to carry a radio or light-derived signal.
 Radio transmission always implies radiation of the signal in the form of an
electromagnetic wave. For radio transmission we listen to the radio or watch
television. These are received and displayed or heard as the result the reception of
radio signals.
Modulation
 At the transmitting side of a telecommunication link a radio carrier is generated. The
carrier is characterized by a frequency, This single radio frequency carries no useful
information for the user. Useful information may include voice data, or image (typically
facsimile or television).
 Modulation is the process of impinging that useful information on the carrier, and
demodulation is the recovery of that information from the carrier at the distant end near
the destination user.
 Modulation
 Radio waves are naturally sinusoidal, with frequencies covering a wide range. They are capable
of travelling through space, and are widely used for communication.
 Generally a medium used for communication (such as radio waves) needs to be processed in
some way to carry information. The process is called modulation. This is the process of varying
one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating
signal that typically contains information to be transmitted.

 Two signals are combined in modulation:

— The message signal, called the modulating signal. (Often this is non-periodic.) A signal of
the right frequency for transmission, called the carrier signal.
— When they are combined, the modulating signal changes the carrier signal in some way,
such as by changing its amplitude, phase or frequency. This creates a new signal that
contains the message information and is also at the correct transmission frequency.
 When the message signal is digital, modulation produces distinct states of the carrier wave that
can be distinguished by the receiver and can be used to represent ones and zeros, or groups of
ones and zeros.

6
Modulation

7
Goal of modulation

 The main goal of modulation today is to squeeze as much data into the least
amount of spectrum possible. That objective, known as spectral efficiency,
measures how quickly data can be transmitted in an assigned bandwidth.

8
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• ASK is implemented by changing the amplitude of a carrier
signal to reflect amplitude levels in the digital signal.
• For example: a digital “1” could not affect the signal,
whereas a digital “0” would, by making it zero.
• The line encoding will determine the values of the analog
waveform to reflect the digital data being carried.
Figure Implementation of binary ASK
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 In ASK, only the amplitude of the carrier
signal is modified in modulation. The
simplest version is on–off keying (OOK). In
OOK, either bursts of a carrier wave are
transmitted or nothing is transmitted
depending whether the input message signal
is 1 or 0. Other versions of ASK use
differing (non-zero) amplitudes to represent
1 and 0.
 Figure (a) shows a digital message signal
using two voltage levels. One level
represents 1 and the other represents 0. The
unmodulated carrier is illustrated in
Figure (b). Figure (c) and (d) are the
modulated waveforms using two versions of
ASK. Figure (c) uses OOK, and (d) uses
binary ASK, or BASK.
10
 Frequency Shift Keying
• The digital data stream changes the frequency of the carrier signal, fc.
• For example, a “1” could be represented by f1=fc +f, and a “0” could be
represented by f2=fc-f.

Figure Binary frequency shift keying

Phase Shift Keyeing
• We vary the phase shift of the carrier signal to represent
digital data.
• PSK is much more robust than ASK as it is not that
vulnerable to noise, which changes amplitude of the signal.

Figure Binary phase shift keying

 Binary Phase Shift Keyeing
• Binary phase-shift keying BPSK is the simplest
form of phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases
which are separated by 180° . BPSK is able to
transmit one bit per symbol. It only able to modulate
at 1 bit/symbol and so is unsuitable for high data-rate
applications.

Figure Implementation of BPSK

 Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
modulation
QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram. Quadrature
Phase Shift Keying QPSK transmits two bits per symbol.
So QPSK can be used to double the data rate and still use the same
bandwidth .

14
Quadrature PSK
• To increase the bit rate, we can code 2 or more bits onto one signal element.
• In QPSK, we parallelize the bit stream so that every two incoming bits are
split up and PSK a carrier frequency. One carrier frequency is phase shifted
90o from the other - in quadrature.
• The two PSKed signals are then added to produce one of 4 signal elements. L
= 4 here.

Figure QPSK and its implementation

Quadrature PSK

16
Self assessment
 a. If a communications system uses 16 symbols, how many bits does each symbol represent?
 b. If the same system has a symbol rate of 10 000 baud, what is the data rate?

17
Solution

 a. If there are 16 symbols, then each of these can represent 4 bits, because 16 = 2 4.
 b. There are 10 000 symbols per second, and each symbol represents 4 bits, so the number of bits
per second is 4 × 10 000 = 40 000. So the data rate (or bit rate) is 40 000 bit s−1, also written
40 kbit s-1.

18
 For each example, decide which modulation scheme has been used and,
based on the figures, work out what binary data each of these
represents.

19
Solution
 Waveform (a) is an example of a BPSK-modulated waveform
representing the data:
 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1.
 Waveform (b) is an example of a BASK-modulated waveform
representing the data:
 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1.
 Waveform (c) is an example of a BFSK-modulated waveform
representing the data:
 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1.

20
 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

 It is possible to combine ASK, FSK and PSK. One benefit of combining different modulation methods is to
increase the number of symbols available. Increasing the number of available symbols is a standard way to
increase the bit rate, because increasing the number of symbols increases the number of bits per symbol. It is
rare for all three methods to be combined, but very common for ASK and PSK to be combined to
create Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
 QAM is based on the application of ASK and PSK to two sinusoidal waves of the same frequency but with a
phase difference of 90°. Sinusoidal waves 90° apart are said to be in a quadrature phase relationship. It is
customary to refer to one of these waves as the I wave, or in-phase wave or component, and the other as
the Q wave, or quadrature wave or component

21
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
 You may recognize the I wave in Figure as a sine function and the Q wave as a
cosine function. These functions are said to be orthogonal to each other. If two
signals are orthogonal, when they are transmitted simultaneously one can be
completely recovered at the receiver without any interference from the other.

22
 The set of symbols in QAM can be conveniently
represented on a signal constellation diagram. This is a
plot of the I and Q amplitudes with I on the horizontal
axis and Q on the vertical axis. Each dot in Figure 1.8 is
a symbol, as it represents a unique combination of
amplitude and phase of the I and Q waves.
 To understand what each dot in the diagram represents,
take the top left one. This represents a symbol where the
Q wave is at an amplitude of 3 and the I wave is at an
amplitude of –3. The minus sign means the I wave is
inverted (or phase shifted by 180°) relative to the I wave
in Figure.
 As the number of symbols increases, more data bits are
transmitted per symbol. For example, 64-QAM is a
QAM scheme with 64 symbols, and 256-QAM is a
scheme with 256 symbols. 256-QAM conveys 8 bits per
symbol (as 256 = 28), so achieving twice the data rate of
16-QAM for the same symbol rate.

23
How many bits are represented by each symbol in 64-QAM? Sketch a
constellation diagram for 64-QAM.

 For 64-QAM, the number of symbols M = 64. There are six bits per
symbol, as M = 2n and 64 = 26.
 A constellation diagram for 64-QAM might look like this:

24
The most commonly used family of modulation formats are quadrature amplitude
modulation, QAM. The number preceding the QAM designation indicates the
number of states the digitally modulated signal can assume, and ranges from 4-
QAM (also known as QPSK) to 256-QAM.

16-QAM, 64-QAM, and 128-QAM, in 4G, and 256-QAM additionally in 5G. The
constellation points are closer together with high-order QAM and so are more
susceptible to noise and other interference. Thus high-order QAM can deliver more
data, but less reliably than lower-order QAM.

25
26
27
28
29
Constellation diagram for Circular 8
QAM and Rectangular 8 QAM

 the demodulator must detect both phase and amplitude. Also the fact
that the amplitude varies means that a linear amplifier is required to
amplify the signal.
Thank You