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Chapter Three: Research Design
Chapter Three: Research Design
Chapter Three: Research Design
Research Design
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A research design is a framework or blueprint for conducting the marketing research project. It details the procedures necessary for obtaining the information needed to structure or solve marketing research problems.
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Define the information needed Design the exploratory, descriptive, and/or causal phases of the research Specify the measurement and scaling procedures Construct and pretest a questionnaire (interviewing form) or an appropriate form for data collection Specify the sampling process and sample size Develop a plan of data analysis
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Descriptive Research
Causal Research
Cross-Sectional Design
Longitudinal Design
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Conclusive
To test specific hypotheses and examine relationships. Information needed is clearly defined. Research process is formal and structured. Sample is large and representative. Data analysis is quantitative.
Characteristics:
Tentative.
Conclusive.
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Descriptive
Causal
Determine cause and effect relationships Manipulation of one or more independent variables Control of other mediating variables Experiments
Discovery of ideas Describe market and insights characteristics or functions Flexible, versatile Marked by the prior formulation of specific hypotheses Preplanned and structured design
Characteristics:
Often the front end of total research design Expert surveys Pilot surveys Secondary data Qualitative research
Methods:
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Formulate a problem or define a problem more precisely Identify alternative courses of action Develop hypotheses Isolate key variables and relationships for further examination Gain insights for developing an approach to the problem Establish priorities for further research
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To describe the characteristics of relevant groups, such as consumers, salespeople, organizations, or market areas. To estimate the percentage of units in a specified population exhibiting a certain behavior. To determine the perceptions of product characteristics. To determine the degree to which marketing variables are associated. To make specific predictions
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Cross-sectional Designs
Involve the collection of information from any given sample of population elements only once. In single cross-sectional designs, there is only one sample of respondents and information is obtained from this sample only once. In multiple cross-sectional designs, there are two or more samples of respondents, and information from each sample is obtained only once. Often, information from different samples is obtained at different times. Cohort analysis consists of a series of surveys conducted at appropriate time intervals, where the cohort serves as the basic unit of analysis. A cohort is a group of respondents who experience the same event within the same time interval.
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Percentage consuming on a typical day Age 8-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50+ 1950 52.9 45.2 33.9 23.2 18.1 1960 62.6 60.7 46.6 40.8 28.8 C1 1969 73.2 76.0 67.7 58.6 50.0 C2 1979 81.0 75.8 71.4 67.8 51.9 C3 C8 C7 C6 C5 C4
C1: cohort born prior to 1900 C2: cohort born 1901-10 C3: cohort born 1911-20 C4: cohort born 1921-30
C5: cohort born 1931-40 C6: cohort born 1940-49 C7: cohort born 1950-59 C8: cohort born 1960-69
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Longitudinal Designs
A fixed sample (or samples) of population elements is measured repeatedly on the same variables A longitudinal design differs from a crosssectional design in that the sample or samples remain the same over time
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Evaluation Criteria Detecting Change Large amount of data collection Accuracy Representative Sampling Response bias
Cross-Sectional Design + +
Longitudinal Design + + + -
Note: A + indicates a relative advantage over the other design, whereas a - indicates a relative disadvantage.
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To understand which variables are the cause (independent variables) and which variables are the effect (dependent variables) of a phenomenon To determine the nature of the relationship between the causal variables and the effect to be predicted METHOD: Experiments
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Content of A Proposal
Title of the Proposal Synopsis (Objective, Methodology, Finding) page Introduction Background( Summery of secondary data analysis) Problem Statement Broad Objective Specific Objectives Research Hypothesis Scope of Research Type of Research to be Undertaken Sampling Plan Contribution of the Research Questionnaire Outline Limitation of the Research References Annexure (Type & Source of Information, Time Plan, Organizational Plan, Budget Plan, Presentation Scheme)
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Marketing Research at Citicorp is typical in that it is used to measure consumer awareness of products, monitor their satisfaction and attitudes associated with the product, track product usage and diagnose problems as they occur. To accomplish these tasks Citicorp makes extensive use of exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. Often it is advantageous to offer special financial packages to specific groups of customers. In this case, a financial package is being designed for senior citizens. The following seven-step process was taken by marketing research to help in the design.
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1) A taskforce was created to better define the market parameters to include all the needs of the many Citicorp branches. A final decision was made to include Americans 55 years of age or older, retired, and in the upper half of the financial strata of that market.
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In the case of senior citizens, a great deal of diversity was found in the market. This was determined to be due to such factors as affluence, relative age, and the absence or presence of a spouse.
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3) The next stage of research was brainstorming. This involved the formation of many different financial packages aimed at the target market. In this case, a total of 10 ideas were generated.
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In this study, only one idea generated from the brainstorming session made it past all the listed hurdles and on to step 5.
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