EMOTIONAL

DISTURBANCE
Prepared by:
Kiana Colonia
Aira Mae Casas
Lyka Grace Capispisan
 Emotional Disturbance
Various Mental health issues can fall under
the “ emotional disturbance” category they
may include anxiety disorder,
Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-
compulsive disorder and depression. Some
of these may also be covered under “Other
health impairment”.
 According to IDEA, Emotional Disturbance
means a condition exhibiting one or more of
the following characteristics over a long period
of time and to a marked degree that adversely
affect a child educational problems.

 Inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual,

sensory or health factors.
 Inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal
relationships, with peers and teachers.
 In appropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal
circumstances.
 General pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression.
 A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears
associated with personal or school problems.
NOTE:
is to remember that in
special education,
Emotional disturbance is
associated with mental
and severe behavioral
issues.
We refer to mental disorders using different. “umbrella”
terms such as emotional disturbance behavioral disorders,
or mental illness, beneath these umbrella terms, there is
actually a wide range of specific conditions that differ
from one another in their characteristics and treatment.
These include (but are not limited to; )
Anxiety disorders
Bipolar disorder ( someone called manic- depression)
Conduct disorders
 Eating disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD and
 Psychotic disorder
 Depression
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
 Dissociative disorders
 Anxiety
 is a feeling of fear, dread, and uneasiness. It might cause you to sweat, feel restless
and tense, and have a rapid heartbeat. It can be normal reaction to stress. For
example, you might feel anxious when faced with a difficult problem at work, before
taking a test, or before making an important decision.
 People with anxiety disorders frequently have intense, excessive and persistent worry and
fear about everyday situations. Often, anxiety disorders involve repeated episodes of sudden
feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks).
 Examples of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder social anxiety disorder
(social phobia) specific phobias and separation anxiety disorder. You can have more than one
anxiety disorder. Sometimes anxiety results from a medical condition that needs treatment.
Anxiety disorders
Common anxiety causes and symptoms include:
 Feeling nervous, restless or tense
 Having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom
 Breathing rapidly (Hyperventilation )
 Sweating
 Trembling
 Feeling weak or tired
 Trouble concentrating or thinking about anything other than the present
worry
 Having trouble sleeping
 Experiencing gastrointestinal (GI) problems
 Having difficulty controlling worry
 Having the urge to avoid things that trigger anxiety
 Causes
The causes of anxiety disorders aren't fully


understood. Life experiences such as traumatic

events appear to trigger anxiety disorders in
people who are already prone to anxiety.
Inherited traits also can be a factor.
Risk Factors
Risk factors These factors may increase your risk of developing an anxiety
disorder:
 Trauma. Children who endured abuse or trauma or witnessed traumatic events are at higher risk
of developing an anxiety disorder at some point in life. Adults who experience a traumatic event
also can develop anxiety disorders. * Stress due to an illness. Having a health condition or
serious illness can cause significant worry about issues such as your treatment and your future.
 Stress buildup. A big event or a buildup of smaller stressful life situations may trigger excessive
anxiety — for example, a death in the family, work stress or ongoing worry about finances.
 Personality. People with certain personality types are more prone to anxiety disorders than
others are.
 Other mental health disorders. People with other mental health disorders, such as depression,
often also have an anxiety disorder.
 Having blood relatives with an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders can run in families.
 Drugs or alcohol. Drug or alcohol use or misuse or withdrawal can cause or worsen anxiety.
Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder, formerly known as
manic-depressive illness, is a mental
illness that causes extreme mood swings,
ranging from periods of mania or
hypomania (elevated mood and energy) to
depression (low mood and energy).
Causes
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it is
likely a combination of genetic, environmental, and biological
factors:
 Genetics: Having a family history of bipolar disorder increases
your risk of developing the condition.
 Brain chemistry: Imbalances in brain chemicals, such as
neurotransmitters, may play a role.
 Stress: Major life events, such as trauma, loss, or illness, can
trigger an episode.
 Substance abuse: Drug and alcohol use can worsen symptoms
or trigger episodes.
Symptoms
Bipolar disorder symptoms can vary from person to person,
but they typically fall into two main categories: manic or
hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.
Manic or Hypomanic Episodes:
Increased energy and activity level (feeling restless)
Excessively high or irritable mood
 Racing thoughts and talking quickly
 Difficulty concentrating
 Feeling like you need less sleep than usual
Unrealistic beliefs in one's own powers and abilities
 Increased sex drive
Engaging in risky or impulsive behaviors
Symptoms
Depressive Episodes:
Feeling sad, hopeless, or empty
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed
 Significant changes in appetite or weight (either weight loss
or gain)
Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much
 Restlessness or feeling slowed down
Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or thinking
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Conduct Disorder
Conduct disorder refers to a group of
behavioral and emotional problems
characterized by a disregard for others.
Children with conduct disorder have a difficult
time following rules and behaving in a socially
acceptable way. Their behavior can be hostile
and sometimes physically violent.
Symptoms
 Physical aggression (such as cruelty toward animals,
assault or rape).
 Violating others’ rights (such as theft or vandalism).
 Lying or manipulation.
Delinquent behaviors (such as truancy or running away
from home)
Causes
 Having experienced abuse, parental rejection or neglect.
 Being diagnosed with other psychiatric disorders.
 Biological parents diagnosed with ADHD, alcohol use disorder, depression, bipolar
disorder, or schizophrenia.
 Poor nutrition.
 Living in poverty.
 Maternal psychopathology.
 Poor parenting / lack of parental involvement.
 Inconsistent, overly harsh, or otherwise ineffective discipline.
 Exposure to violence.
 Peer delinquency.
 Having been subjected to physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse.
 Lack of adequate parental or other adult supervision.
Eating disorders
are a group of psychological conditions
characterized by unhealthy eating habits
that significantly impact physical and
mental health. They are not simply about
food or weight; rather, they are complex
mental illnesses often used as a way to cope
with difficult emotions or feelings of
inadequacy
Causes
The exact cause of eating disorders is unknown, but it is likely a complex
interaction of various factors:
 Genetics: Having a family history of an eating disorder increases your risk.
 Biological factors: Imbalances in brain chemicals may play a role.
Psychological factors: Low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and difficulty coping with
stress can contribute.
 Social and cultural factors: Societal pressure to be thin, media portrayals, and bullying can
influence development.

Eating Patterns:
Restriction: Severely limiting food intake, often leading to weight loss
 Bingeing: Consuming large amounts of food in a short period, often accompanied by a feeling of
loss of control
Purging: Engaging in behaviors to get rid of consumed calories, such as vomiting, laxative abuse,
or excessive exercise
Physical symptoms
 Fatigue and weakness
Difficulty concentrating.
Dizziness or fainting
Hair loss or brittle nails
 Irregular menstrual periods (in individuals who menstruate)
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
 In severe cases, organ damage and even death
Psychological Symptoms:
Preoccupation with food, weight, and body image
 Distorted body image (seeing oneself as bigger or smaller than reality)
Fear of gaining weight
 Anxiety and depression
 Low self-esteem
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
 features a pattern of unwanted thoughts and fears known as obsessions. These
obsessions lead you to do repetitive behaviors, also called compulsions. These
obsessions and compulsions get in the way of daily activities and cause a lot of distress.

OCD often centers around certain themes, such as being overly fearful of getting
contaminated by germs. To ease contamination fears, you may wash your hands over
and over again until they're sore and chapped. If you have OCD, you may be ashamed,
embarrassed and frustrated about the condition. But treatment can be effective.
 OCD usually begins in the teen or young adult years, but it can start in childhood.
Symptoms usually begin over time and tend to vary in how serious they are throughout
life. Symptoms generally get worse when you are under greater stress, including times
of transition and change. OCD, usually thought to be a lifelong disorder, can have mild
to moderate symptoms or be so severe and time-consuming that it becomes disabling.
Symptoms
 Obsession symptoms OCD obsessions are lasting and unwanted thoughts that keeping
coming back or urges or images that are intrusive and cause distress or anxiety. You
might try to ignore them or get rid of them by acting based on ritual. These obsessions
usually intrude when you're trying to think of or do other things.
Obsessions often have themes, such as:
o * Fear of contamination or dirt.
o * Doubting and having a hard time dealing with uncertainty.
o * Needing things to be orderly and balanced.
o * Aggressive or horrific thoughts about losing control and harming yourself or others.
o * Unwanted thoughts, including aggression, or sexual or religious subjects.
Symptoms
Examples of obsession symptoms include:
o * Fear of being contaminated by touching objects others have touched.
o * Doubts that you've locked the door or turned off the stove.
o * Intense stress when objects aren't orderly or facing a certain way.
o * Images of driving your car into a crowd of people.
o * Thoughts about shouting obscenities or not acting the right way in
public.
o * Unpleasant sexual images.
o* Staying away from situations that can cause obsessions, such as
shaking hands.
Causes
The cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder isn't fully
understood. Main theories include:
o * Biology. OCD may be due to changes in your body's natural
chemistry or brain functions.
o * Genetics. OCD may have a genetic component, but specific
genes have yet to be found.
o* Learning. Obsessive fears and compulsive behaviors can be
learned from watching family members or learning them over
time.
Risk Factors
The cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder isn't
fully understood. Main theories include:
• * Biology. OCD may be due to changes in your
body's natural chemistry or brain functions.
• * Genetics. OCD may have a genetic component,
but specific genes have yet to be found.
• * Learning. Obsessive fears and compulsive
behaviors can be learned from watching family
members or learning them over time.
Prevention
There's no sure way to prevent obsessive-
compulsive disorder. However, getting treated
as soon as possible may help keep OCD from
getting worse and disrupting activities and your
daily routine.
Psychotic disorder
are a group of severe mental illnesses that
cause people to lose touch with reality.
They are characterized by abnormal
thinking and perceptions, often manifested
as delusions and hallucinations.
Causes
The exact cause of psychotic disorders is unknown, but
it is likely a complex interplay of several factors:
Genetics: Having a family history of a psychotic disorder, such
as schizophrenia, increases your risk .
Brain chemistry: Imbalances in brain chemicals, like dopamine
and neurotransmitters, are believed to play a role.
 Brain development: Abnormal brain development during
adolescence or early adulthood may contribute .
Environmental factors: Stressful life events, drug abuse, and
certain medical conditions can increase the risk.
 Symptoms
 The two main symptoms of psychotic disorders are:
 Delusions: False beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.
 These can be persecutory (someone is out to get them), grandiose (beliefs of superior abilities or
wealth), or religious in nature.
 Hallucinations: Sensory experiences that are not real. They can be auditory (hearing voices),
visual (seeing things that aren't there), tactile (feeling things that aren't touching you), olfactory
(smelling things that aren't there), or gustatory (tasting things that aren't there).

Other possible symptoms of psychotic disorders include:
 Disorganized speech or writing
 Disorganized or bizarre behavior
 Difficulty concentrating or thinking clearly
 Withdrawn and socially isolated behavior
 Lack of motivation or interest in activities
Depression
Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent
feeling of sadness and loss of interest in things and
activities you once enjoyed. It can also cause difficulty
with thinking, memory, eating and sleeping.

Depression is a common mental health condition that

causes a persistent feeling of sadness and changes in how
you think, sleep, eat and act. There are several different
types. Depression is treatable — usually with talk therapy,
medication or both. Seeking medical help as soon as you
have symptoms is essential.
Symptoms
The symptoms of depression can vary slightly depending on the type and can range from mild to
severe. In general, symptoms include:
 Feeling very sad, hopeless or worried. Children and adolescents with depression may be
irritable rather than sad.
Not enjoying things that used to bring joy.
 Being easily irritated or frustrated.
Eating too much or too little, which may result in weight gain or weight loss.
Trouble sleeping (insomnia) or sleeping too much (hypersomnia).
 Having low energy or fatigue.
 Having a difficult time concentrating, making decisions or remembering things.
 Experiencing physical issues like headache, stomachache or sexual dysfunction.
 Having thoughts of self-harm or suicide.
Causes
 Researchers don’t know the exact cause of depression. They think that several factors
contribute to its development, including:
 * Brain chemistry: An imbalance of neurotransmitters, including serotonin and
dopamine, contributes to the development of depression.
 * Genetics: If you have a first-degree relative (biological parent or sibling) with
depression, you’re about three times as likely to develop the condition as the general
population. However, you can have depression without a family history of it.
 * Stressful life events: Difficult experiences, such as the death of a loved one, trauma,
divorce, isolation and lack of support, can trigger depression.
 * Medical conditions: Chronic pain and chronic conditions like diabetes can lead to
depression.
 * Medication: Some medications can cause depression as a side effect. Substance use,
including alcohol, can also cause depression or make it worse
Attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
is one of the most common mental disorders
affecting children. Symptoms of ADHD include
inattention (not being able to keep focus),
hyperactivity (excess movement that is not fitting to
the setting) and impulsivity (hasty acts that occur in
the moment without thought).
Symptoms
The symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be categorized into 2 types
of behavioral problems:

 inattentiveness (difficulty concentrating and focusing)

 hyperactivity and impulsiveness

Inattentiveness (difficulty concentrating and focusing)

The main signs of inattentiveness are:

 having a short attention span and being easily distracted

 making careless mistakes – for example, in schoolwork
 appearing forgetful or losing things
 being unable to stick to tasks that are tedious or time-consuming
 appearing to be unable to listen to or carry out instructions
 constantly changing activity or task
 having difficulty organizing tasks
Symptoms
Hyperactivity and impulsiveness
The main signs of hyperactivity and impulsiveness are:

 being unable to sit still, especially in calm or quiet surroundings

 constantly fidgeting
 being unable to concentrate on tasks
 excessive physical movement
 excessive talking
 being unable to wait their turn
 acting without thinking
 interrupting conversations
 little or no sense of danger
These symptoms can cause significant problems in a child's life, such as underachievement
at school, poor social interaction with other children and adults, and problems with discipline
Causes
• Brain injury
• Exposure to environmental risks (e.g., lead) during pregnancy
or at a young age
• Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy
• Premature delivery
• Low birth weight
Dissociative disorders
Dissociative disorders are mental health conditions
that involve feelings of being detached from
reality, being outside of your own body or
experiencing memory loss (amnesia). The word
“dissociation” means to be disconnected from
others, from the world around you or from
yourself.
Dissociative disorders typically develop after
short-term or long-term trauma.
 Symptoms
 Symptoms depend on the type of dissociative disorder, but may
include:
 A sense of being separated from yourself and your emotions.
 Thinking that people and things around you are distorted and not real.
 A blurred sense of your own identity.
 Severe stress or problems in relationships, work or other important
areas of life.
 Not being able to cope well with emotional or work-related stress.
 Memory loss, also called amnesia, of certain time periods, events,
people and personal information.
 Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal
thoughts and behaviors.
Causes
Dissociative disorders usually start as a way to cope
with shocking, distressing or painful events. The
disorders most often form in children who go through
long-term physical, sexual or emotional abuse. The
disorders form in children who've lived in a home where
they went through frightening times or they never knew
what to expect. The stress of war or natural disasters
also can bring on dissociative disorders.
 We use the term “Emotionally Disturbed person” (
EDP). To describe a person with mental, emotional,
or erratic behavior that may affect their decision
making process that. Includes hurting themselves or
other people.
 CHARACTERISTICS
Some of the general characteristics and behaviors seen in children who have

an emotional disturbance include:
Hyperactivity Aggression

(short attention span, Impulsiveness) ( self- injurious behavior, acting out, fighting)
 Characteristics
Withdrawal Immaturity

( inappropriate crying, temper tantrums, poor cooping skills)

(not interacting socially with others, incessive fear or anxiety)

Learning difficulties

( academically performing below grade level)

 1.
Symptoms
 Feeling overwhelmed, helpless or hopeless.
 Feeling guilty without a clear cause.
 Spending a lot of time worrying.
 Having difficulty thinking or remembering.
 Sleeping too much or too little.
 Having changes in appetite.
 Relying more heavily on mood- hearing
substances such as school.
 Educational Challenges

Given the behavioral issues related to the
disability category at hand educating students
diagnosed with emotional disturbances can
prove challenging. The challenge often steam
from potential classroom disruptions, for
instance, imagine the trouble created when a
student begins crying uncontrollably or starts
throwing a wild temper tantrum.
What we need to do as a
teacher.
There are many behavioral strategies to help
students with EBD. They include keeping class
rules and activities simple and very clear, choral
responding, rewarding positive behaviors,
allowing mini-breaks in between work time,
being fair about treatment, and motivating
students.
Popular persons deals with mental illness

 Selena Gomez- Bipolar disorder

 She has experienced anxiety and depression: Gomez has spoken openly about dealing with anxiety
and depression. These are common mental health conditions, not "emotional disturbances," and are
not necessarily a sign of a more serious disorder.
 She has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder: In 2023, Gomez revealed in a documentary that she
had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder in her 20s. This is a complex mental illness that can cause
significant mood swings. She experienced psychosis: In the same documentary, Gomez mentioned
experiencing an episode of psychosis during her struggles with bipolar disorder. Psychosis is a
symptom characterized by hallucinations and delusions and can occur in various mental health
conditions, including bipolar disorder.
 Freidrich Nietzhsche

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), one of the most profound and

influential modern philosophers, suffered since his very childhood
from severe migraine. At 44 he had a mental breakdown ending in a
dementia with total physical dependence due to stroke.
Leonardo DiCaprio-obsessive-compulsive disorder
The Oscar-winning star admitted he feels compelled
to walk through doorways numerous times and step
on sidewalk stains left by used chewing gum. But
DiCaprio has managed to keep his OCD tendencies
under control, saying, “I’m able to say at some point,
‘OK, you’re being ridiculous. Stop stepping on every
gum stain you see. You don’t need to do that.’”
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