Salvador I.

Yabes
Senior Science Research Specialist
Technology Management & Services Division
Philippine Rice Research Institute
Central Experiment Station
Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

September 23, 2008

Certified to: ISO 9001; ISO 14001; & OSHAS 18001
 Overview
Grain Yield
the “bottom line” or aspect of
rice production that finally
counts

the final outcome of crop

management practices
 Overview
Yield Components
can help in designing a strategy in
reaching a target yield

used to analyze what went wrong if

a target is not reached

for examining yield performance or

effect of a particular treatment
Objectives
list and explain the 4 yield components of rice

list the factors & practices favoring increase in

yield components

discuss plot sampling

determine yield components of a rice sample

determine grain yield using yield components,

crop cut, and actual production data
Yield Components
Panicle number per unit area

Spikelet or grain number per panicle

Percent filled spikelets or grains

Grain weight
 Yield Components
Each yield component differs in:

the time when it is determined or fixed

• panicle number  vegetative phase
• spikelet number  reproductive phase
• filled spikelets  before, at, & after heading
• grain weight  ripening phase
 Yield Components
Each yield component differs in:

its contribution to grain yield

• spikelet number per unit area  74%
(panicle and spikelet number)

• filled spikelets and grain weight  26%

 Factors & Practices
Favoring Yield Components
 Panicle Number per Unit Area
Promote early growth of tillers by:
preventing root damage to seedlings
using sufficient number of healthy seedlings – short,
thick, disease-free, uniform, w/ plenty of vigorous roots
ensuring adequate nutrients during tillering
early weed control
maintaining shallow water depth during
tillering (not >3 cm)
 Spikelet Number per Panicle
Promote photosynthetic activity or increase food
supply to the developing panicle. It is maximized
under these conditions:
high solar radiation

relatively low air temperature

healthy and vigorous plants

adequate N at panicle initiation

Percent Filled Spikelets
Grow lodging-resistant varieties with high
percentage of ripened grains

Time of planting so that solar radiation is

high during the last 45 days before
harvest

Prevent plants from wilting during

ripening period

Keep plants healthy/leaves green at

ripening phase
 Grain Weight
Conditions favorable for weight increase:

healthy plants

high solar radiation during the 45-day

period before harvest

cooler nights at ripening

 Plot Sampling
Definition/features
procedure for selecting a fraction of an experimental or
demonstration plot to represent that plot accurately

considered good if the values obtained from the sample are

very close to those that would have been obtained if
measurements were made on all plants in the plot

used because total measurement is often

too laborious and expensive
 Plot Sampling
Components
Sampling unit - the unit upon which
measurements are to be made

Sample size - the number of sampling

units to be taken from each plot or
treatment

Sampling time - when to take

measurements or sampling frequency

Sampling procedure - procedure for

selecting the sample and taking the
 Determining Yield Components
1) Select & harvest 3 representative 4-hill (2 x 2 hill) sampling
units.
 Determining Yield Components

Sampling Errors

With missing hill Diseased or off type

 Determining Yield Components

2) Measure area where each sample was taken.

 Determining Yield Components
3) Count the panicles from each hill and total
them for 4 hills (P).

4) Thresh grains from all sampled hills.

5) Separate filled and unfilled grains.

6) Count the filled (F) and unfilled (U)

grains.

7) Separate 1,000 filled grains & dry in the

oven at 70˚C for 48hrs. Record & label the
weight as the 1,000-grain weight
Determining Yield Components
Number of panicles/hill = P/12

Number of panicles/m2 = P/Total Area

where the 3 Samples Were Taken (m2)

Number of filled grains/panicle = F/P

Number of unfilled grains/panicle =

U/P

Percent filled grains = F

---------- x 100
F+U

1000-Grain weight = (g)

 Grain Yield Using Yield Components

Formulas
Grain yield (kg/ha) = panicle number/m2 x spikelet
number/panicle x % filled spikelets x 1000-grain
weight (g) x 10-2

Grain yield (kg/ha) = spikelet number/m2 x

% filled spikelets x
1000-grain weight (g) x 10-2
 Sample yield components from 4 hills (0.16m 2/

Sample No. of No. of % Filled 1000-

No. Panicles/ Spikelets/ Spikelets Grain
m2 Panicle Weight (g)

1 500 122 76.1 22.8

2 506 88 81.8 23.9

3 575 101 81.9 25

Average 527 104 79.9 23.9

 Grain Yield Using Crop Cuts

1) Randomly select three crop cuts (about 5-m2 each) at

different parts of the PalayCheck field or
participatory trial treatment.

2) Measure the average length and width of each crop

cut area by taking measurements at the middle of the
hills.
Grain Yield Using Crop Cuts
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O 0 0 0 0 0 0
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O
Grain Yield Using Crop Cuts

O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O
 Grain Yield Using Crop Cuts
3) Harvest, thresh, clean, weigh, and take moisture
contents (MC) of the three samples separately.

4) Compute grain yield at 14% MC of each of the

samples using the formula:

10,000 m2/ha 100 - %MC

Grain yield (kg/ha) = grain weight (kg) x ------------------------ x --------------------
crop cut area (m2) 86

The average yield from the 3 crop cuts is the

yield of the PalayCheck field or treatment.
Sample grain yield data from 3 crop-cut
Samples obtained from a representative farm parcel.

Sample Grain Moisture Grain Yield

No. Weight Content
(kg)/5 m2 (%) kg/ha t/ha

1 2.03 14.1

2 2.35 13.9

3 2.28 13.7

Average
 Grain Yield Using Actual Production

1) Measure the area (length and width) of the

parcels to be harvested in the PalayCheck field.

2) Harvest, thresh, clean then count and record the

number of sacks of rough rice (palay) from each
parcel.

3) From each parcel, randomly select 5 sacks

and take the average weight of the sacks
and average grain MC.
 Grain Yield Using Actual Production
4) Compute the grain yield at 14% MC from
each of the parcels using the formula:
10,000 m2/ha 100 - %MC
Grain yield (kg/ha) = No. of sacks x average weight/sack (kg) x ----------------------- x ----------------
harvest area (m2) 86

The average yield from all the parcels

harvested is the yield of the PalayCheck field.
 Sample grain yield data of 3 parcels from
each farmer-partner or farmer-cooperator
Parcel Area % Area Fresh % Grain Yield
Number m2 with Wt of Moisture Adjusted to 14%
Missing Grain Content Moisture Content
Hills (if Sample
kg/ha t/ha
any) s per
Parcel
(kg/m2)

1 1,250 673.4 22.3

2 1,500 900.1 19.0
3 2,500 1,600.0 20.0
Average
Summary
Weather conditions, cultural management, and nutrient supply
greatly influence the yield and yield components of a rice
variety.

Each yield component differs in the time when it is determined

and its contribution to grain yield.

Understanding their relationships is a key to yield improvement.

Grain yield can be determined using yield components,

crop cuts, or actual production.

Proper plot sampling should be done to obtain

accurate results.
 endof
presentation