Flow Through the

Nozzle
Flow Through the C-D Nozzle

1 2
C1 C2

h1 h2

P1 P2

V1 V2
Throat
A1 1 A2
2

T1 T2
Let suppose flow through the nozzle is isentropic, therefore

Q=0, W.D=0, P.E=0

The steady flow energy equation for the nozzle becomes:

2 2
C C2
h1  1  h2   (1)
2 2

2 2
C2  C1
h1  h2 
2
Velocity at inlet of nozzle C1=0, because it is very small than C2
C2
 h1  h2
2 C 2  C

C  2( h1  h2 )  ( 2)

Mostly enthalpy expressed in kJ/kg, then the additional constant (103)

Will be appear in equation (2).
Therefore,
 C  2  10 3 ( h1  h2 )

C  44.72 ( h1  h2 )

C  Const ( h1  h2 )

This is general form of energy equation irrespective of the shape of nozzle

Now, for the gas, the isentropic flow of fluid through the nozzle may be
Approx: We know that,

h1  h2  Cp (T1  T2 )  R 
Cp 
   1


h1  h2  R (T1  T2 )  (3)
 1
Now, substitute the value of (h1-h2) in equation (2)

  
C  2 R (T1  T2 ) 
  1 
   
C  2 ( p1 v1  p 2 v 2 ) 
  1 

  p2 v2 
C   2 p v (1  )   ( 4)
   1
1 1
p1 v1 

For isentropic expansion through the nozzle

 
p1 v1  p2 v2

1
v2  p1 

 p 

v1  2 
Now, substitute the value of v2/v1 in equation (4)
 1/ 

  p 2  p1  

C  2 p1 v1 (1    )


  1 p1  p 2  


1 / 

  p2  p2  

C  2 p1 v1 (1    )


  1 p 1  p 1  


11 / 

   p2  

C  2 p1 v1 (1    )


  1 p
 1 


(  1)
 
   p2   
C  2 p1 v1 (1    )   (5 )
   1  p 1  
 

Now, at any section of the nozzle, the continuity equation of mass flow
per unit area.
  AC
m

1
 


   AC
m


m C
  (6)
A 
This equation shows that the mass flow rate is constant at all sections of
the nozzle and the velocity(C) and specific volume (v) varying through the
nozzle, then the x-sectional area must be minimum which will be throat of
the nozzle.
At throat:

Pt= throat pressure

vt= specific volume

Ct= velocity at throat

From equation (5)
(  1)
 
   pt   
Ct  2 p1 v1 (1    )   (7 )
 (  1)  p1  
 

m Ct
  (8)
At t
From equation (7) and (8)
(  1)
 
m 1    pt   
 2 p1 v1 (1    )   (9)
At t  (  1)  p1  
 
We know that for isentropic expansion:
 
p1 v1  p2 v2
1
vt  p1 

 

v1  pt 
1
 p1  
v t  v1 
 pt 

 
 (  1)
 
m 1    pt   
 2 p1 v1 (1    )
At 1
 (  1)  p1  
 p1    
v1 
 p 
 t 

(  1)
1
 
m 1  pt      pt   
    2 p v (1    )
v1  p1 

 (  1)
1 1
At   p1  
 

(  1) 2
 2
 
m 1    pt    pt    
 2 p1 v1 (     )
At v1  (  1) p
 1  p1  
 

(  1)
 2

m 1    pt    pt   
 2 p1 v1 (     )   (10)
At v1  (  1)  p1   p1  
 
For maximum mass flow rate at throat differentiate the differential part of
the equation (10) w.r.to (pt/p1), where as other , p, v are constant.

 1
 2

d   pt    pt   
    0
 pt    p1  p
 1 
d
 p   
 1

pt
let , x 
p1

Now, differentiate
2  1
d
(x   x 
) 0
dx

 2 
     1 
 1
2 
    1    1
x  
 x 
0
 
  2 
  1

 
2   
x  
 x1 / 
 

x1 /  2 1
 
 2 

 


    1
 
x 

x1 /  2

 2 

 





  1
x


 2   1
x 
   1

 


pt  2   1

 

p1    1 Critical Pressure ratio
 
 2   1
p t  p1 
   1

 
For air average value of =1.4, therefore,
1.4
pt  2  1.4 1
 
p1  1.4  1 

pt
 0.528
p1 This is critical pressure ratio for air

For critical temperature (Tt)

Tt 2

T1   1

2
Tt  T1
  1
For critical velocity (Ct)
Ct  2h1  ht 

Ct  2CpT1  Tt 

  
C t  2 RT1  Tt 
   1 

   T1 
C t  2 RTt   1

   1  Tt 

     1 
C t  2 RTt   1 
   1  2 

     1 
C t  2 RTt  
   1  2 

C t  RTt Critical Velocity

PROBLEM:
Air at 8.6 bar and 190oC expands at the rate of 4.5 kg/sec through a
C-D nozzle into a space at pressure of 1.03bar. Assuming that the
Inlet velocity is negligible, calculate the throat area and the exit
cross-Sectional area of the nozzle.

Data

P1=8.6 bar
T1= 190oC
P2=1.03 bar
P1= 8.6 bar
C1=0 C2=??
C1= 0

T1= 190+273=463K A2=??

Mass flow rate=4.5 kg/sec ,Pt, Ct

Required:

At = ?? A2=??
For Throat pr: (Pt) For Temperature (Tt)
 Tt 2
pt  2   1 
   T1   1
p1    1 
2
Tt  463
1.4  1

 2   1
pt  p1  
   1 
Tt  385.8 K
1.4
 2  1.4 1 For Specific volume (vt)
pt  8.6 
 1.4  1  pt vt  RTt

pt  4.54bar RTt
vt 
pt

287  385.8
vt 
4.54  10 5

vt  0.244m 3 / kg
For Throat velocity (Ct)

C t  RT R  287 J / kg.K

C t  1.4  287  385.8

1J / kg  m 2 / s 2

C t  394 m / s

For Throat area (At)

m vt
At 
Ct

4.5  0.244
At 
394

At  0.00279m 2
At  2790mm 2
For Exit area (A2) For Specific volume (v2)
m v 2 p 2 v 2  RT2
A2 
C2
287  252.5
v2 
RT2 1.03  10 5
v2 
p2
v 2  0.702 m 3 / kg
 1 
T1  p1   For Exit velocity (C2)
  
T2  p 2 
C 2  44.72 h1  h2 
1.4 1 
463  8.6  1.4
 
T2  1.03  C 2  44.72 CpT1  T2 

T2  252.5 K C 2  44.72 1.005463  252.5 

C 2  651m / s
For Exit area (A2)

m v 2
A2 
C2

4.5  0.702
A2 
651

A2  0.00485m 2

A2  4850mm 2
PROBLEM:
Carbon dioxide flows steadily through a varying cross-sectional
area duct such as a nozzle shown in Fig. at a mass flow rate of
3 kg/s. The carbon dioxide enters the duct at a pressure of 1400
kPa and 200°C with a low velocity, and it expands in the nozzle to
a pressure of 200 kPa. The duct is designed so that the flow can
be approximated as isentropic. Determine the density, velocity,
flow area, and Mach number at each location along the duct that
corresponds to a pressure drop of 200 kPa.

Assumptions:
1. Carbon dioxide is an ideal gas with constant specific heats
at room temperature.
2. Flow through the duct is steady, one-dimensional, and
isentropic.

Properties:
For simplicity we use cp 0.846 kJ/kg · K and  1.289
throughout the calculations.
The gas constant of carbon dioxide is R=0.1889 kJ/kg K
The flow is isentropic and thus the stagnation temperature and pressure
throughout the duct remain constant, therefore,
T0  200  273  473K
and
P0  1400kPA
To illustrate the solution procedure, we calculate the desired properties of
the location where the pressure is 1200 kPa, the first location corresponds
to a pressure drop of 200 kPa.
 1
P  
T1  T0  
 P0 
1.289 1
 1200  1.289
T1  473 
 1400 
T1  457 K

V  2cpT0  T1 

V  2  0.846 473  457 

V  164.5 m / s
From ideal gas relation
P

RT

1200

0.1889  457

  13.9kg / m 3
From mass flow rate relation
m
A
V
3
A
13.9  164.5

A  13.1  10  4

A  13.1cm 2
For velocity

C  RT

C  1.289  0.1889  457  10 3 1kJ / kg  1000m 2 / S 2

C  333.6m / s

For Mach No.

V
Ma 
C

164.5
Ma 
333.6

Ma  0.493
The result for the other pressure steps are summarized in table and
plotted on the graph.
Discussion :
Note that as the pressure decreases, the temperature and speed of sound
decrease while the fluid velocity and Mach number increase in the flow
direction. The density decreases slowly at first and rapidly later as the
fluid velocity increases.
Problem
Estimate graphically the critical pressure and throat area /kg/sec
mass Flow of a convergent and divergent nozzle expanding steam
from 10 bar, dry saturated down to atmospheric pressure of 1 bar.
Assume that the inlet velocity is negligible and that the expansion
is Isentropic.
The procedure is to choose a series of pressures say 9 bar,
8 bar, 7 bar, 6 bar, 5 bar, 4 bar and 3 bar and calculate the cross-
sectional area at each of pressure chosen.

Solution:

From steam table at 10 bar, dry saturated steam have

h1= hg=2778 KJ/kg

S1=Sg=6.586 kJ/kg

p1=10 bar, p2=pe=1 bar

 For specimen calculations for pressure of 7 bar.

From steam table at pr. 7 bar, we have,

hg =2763 kJ/kg

Sf=1.9925 kJ/kg K

Sfg=4.715 kJ/kg K

(1) For dryness fraction (X): S g  S f  x  S fg

Sg  S f
x
S fg

6.586  1.9925
x
4.7154

x  0.9741
(ii) For specific volume() at 7 bar

v  x  Vg

From steam table

V g  0.2728m 3 / kg

v  0.9741  0.2728

v  0.2657m 3 / kg
(iii) For enthalpy (h) at 7 bar

h  h f  x  h fg  (1)

From steam table:

h f  697.35kJ / kg

h fg  2066kJ / kg

Substitute the values in equation (1)

h  697.35  0.9741  2066

h  2709.84kJ / kg
(iv) For area per unit mass flow rate (A/m) mm2/kg/sec

A v

m C

C  44.72 h1  h

C  44.72 2777.1  2709.84

A 0.2657
  10 6
m 44.72 2777.1  2709.84

A
 726mm 2 / kg / sec
m
 Calculation Table

Pr.Bar 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

X 0.974

h 2709.84
(kJ/kg)
v 0.2657
(m3/kg)
h1-h 67.86

h1  h
8.19
A
(mm 2 / kg )
m 726