Classification of Embedded Systems

Embedded Systems
operational quality attributes of an embedded
system.
• Response
• Throughput
• Reliability
• Maintainability
• Security
• Safety
brownout detection circuit works
• in general, a brown-out detection circuit is used to monitor the power
supply voltage and to provide a warning when the monitored voltage
falls below a predetermined voltage. The system can then take
corrective action.
• Brownout is an important safety feature in electronics and
microcontrollers. There are two main tasks of brown-out function in
microcontroller – hardware and software.
• The hardware brown-out feature resets the microcontroller and keeps
it until the power supply is returned to the operating range. This
ensures that all parts of the circuit work correctly.
• Software brown-out part – an interrupt-based functionality that detects
falling voltage, which allows the software to take care of critical
components like saving vital information to non-volatile memory before
BOD circuit
What is a 32 bit microcontroller
• The name ‘32-bit microcontroller’ implies that the microcontroller is
capable of handling arithmetic operation for a 32-bit value. Compared
to an 8-bit microcontroller, the 32-bit microcontroller takes fewer
instruction cycles to execute a function due to its wider data bus.
four hardware-software trade-offs in embedded
design
• Modern embedded systems are complex, which
results in a wide variety of trade-offs that must be
made. In this post, we explored the three most
significant trade-offs facing many teams today:
• Power consumption versus system performance
• Cost versus reliability
• Scalability versus complexity
Trade-off #1 – Power Consumption Versus System
Performance in Embedded Systems

• The IoT has been driving innovation within the embedded systems
space for quite some time. With that innovation has come an
explosion of features and capabilities that many embedded systems
must support.
• For example, connectivity stacks, security, and graphic-rich interfaces,
just to name a few. While adding a lot of value to a product, all these
features also have unexpected consequences.
• The need for more features results in more computing power to meet
system performance expectations. However, more processing power
means more power consumption. Power consumption is critical to
battery-operated devices to maximize battery life and minimize
product maintenance in the field.
Cost Versus Reliability
• Cost is a significant driver in every product development cycle.
Companies have a fixed budget to develop their innovative product
and take it to market.
• While established and successful businesses may have wriggle room,
start-ups and small businesses are particularly under pressure to
deliver cost-effectively.
• Reliability often comes at an extra cost to first put in place
development and production processes. While potentially decreasing
long-term costs, these processes are often put off in the hopes of
short-term gain. The dynamic forces teams to trade off reliability and
cost to achieve their system's needed level of reliability.
Trade-off #3 – Scalability Versus
Complexity
• Reusing existing platform code can result in a more complex software
architecture. For example, a single-release product might leverage a
monolithic architecture without issue.

• However, a platform that needs to scale to handle features and

market changes for a decade might need to switch to a more complex
microservices-based architecture. The microservices architecture
allows great scalability but comes with increased complexity in
design, deployment, maintenance, and even the ability to schedule
tasks.
Examples of Hard Real-Time Systems
• Flight Control Systems
• Missile Guidance Systems
• Weapons Defense System
• Medical System
• Inkjet printer system
• Railway signalling system
• Air traffic control systems
• Nuclear reactor control systems
• Anti-missile system
• Chemical plant control
• Autopilot System in Plane
Examples of Soft Real-Time Systems
• Personal computer
• Audio and video systems
• Set-top boxes
• DVD Players
• Weather Monitoring Systems
• Electronic games
• Multimedia system
• Web browsing
• Online transaction systems
Considerations for connecting power rails
• A processor may have more than two pins of Vdd and Vss supply
should separately power the external I/O driving ports, timers, and
clock and
• From the supply there should be separate interconnections for pairs
of Vdd and Vss pins analog ground analog reference and analog input
voltage lines.
Sensors vs transducers
What is a Sensor?
A sensor is a device that detects any physical quantity such as pressure, light, heat,
temperature, humidity, etc. from the outside environment and responds according to the
input to produce a desired output in a format that is easy to read for the user

What is a Transducer?
A device that is used for transforming energy from one form to another form is known
as transducer.
The transducer can also be used for the transformation of a non-electrical physical
quantity into an electric signal. The major components of a transducer are input device,
processing device and output device.
GPR and SFR
• Data memory is made up of the Special Function
Registers (SFR) area, and the General Purpose
Registers (GPR) area.
• The SFRs control the operation of the device, while
GPRs are the general area for data storage and
scratch pad operations.
• The data memory is banked for both the GPR and SFR
areas.