Institute Of Business Management

CSC 443 Mobile Computing M -7972

College of computer science & information system (CCIS)

Bachelors in computer science

 MODEL
SANJAY KUMAR 20151-19453

SUPERVISER: ENG. WAQAR KHAN

 PROPAGATION
MODELS Empirical models

Three kinds of models Semi-deterministic models

Deterministic models

Empirical models : based on measurement data, simple (few parameters), use

statistical properties, not very accurate

Semi-deterministic models : based on empirical models + deterministic

aspects
Deterministic models : site-specific, require enormous number of
geometry information about the cite, very important computational effort, accurate
 MODELS OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF CELLS :
 Macro-cell path loss models
 Empirical models: Okumura-Hata model, COST 231-Hata model
 Semi-empirical models: COST 231-Walfisch-Ikegami
 Deterministic models: Plane earth model, Ikegami model
 Microcell path loss models
 Empirical model: Dual slope empirical model
 Deterministic model: Two-ray model
 Pico-cell path loss models
 Empirical model: Wall and floor factor models - ITU-R models
 Semi-empirical model: COST231 line-of-sight model
 OKUMURA
MODEL
 Widely used for signal prediction in urban areas
 Applicable for:
• Frequency f: 150 MHz to 1920 MHz (it is typically extrapolated up to 3000 MHz)
• Distance d: 1 km to 100 km
• Transmit antenna effective height : 30 m to 1000 m and Mobile Antenna height 1 m to 10 m

 Based on extensive measurements

 Technique
• Find free space path loss, LF (using equation)
• Determine median attenuation relative to free space Amu(f,d) (from curves)
• Add correction gain factors for transmitter and receiver antenna heights (from curves or using
their equations) and area gain factor (from curves)
 OKUMURA
MODEL

 𝑳𝟓𝟎 𝒅𝑩 : the 50th percentile (i.e., median) value of propagation path loss between the TX
and RX expressed in dB

 𝑳𝑭 : is the free space propagation loss in dB

 𝑨𝒎𝒖(f, d) : the median attenuation relative to free space additional losses in dB due to
propagation in urban environment when TX and RX at referenced heights.

 𝑮(𝒉𝒕𝒆) : the base station antenna height gain factor in dB

 𝑮(𝒉𝒓𝒆) : the mobile antenna height gain factor in dB
 𝑮𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑨: the gain due to the type of terrain in dB
 OKUMURA MODEL
(FREE SPACE LOSS)

 d Distance between the TX and RX in km

 f Operating frequency in MHz
 𝑮𝒕 TX antenna gain (linear)
 𝑮𝒓 RX antenna gain (linear)
 The remaining terms of Okumura Model are provided in a graphical form as the family of curves.
 OKUMURA MODEL (BASIC MEDIAN
ATTENUATION 𝑨𝒎𝒖(F, D) )
 It models additional propagation losses due to
the signal propagation with these referenced
conditions:
- Terrestrial Urban environment over a quasi-smooth
terrain.
- Base station Effective antenna height 𝒉𝒕𝒆 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎
- Mobile antenna height 𝒉𝒓𝒆 = 𝟑 𝒎.

 If the actual heights of the TX and RX or the

propagation area type differ from those
referenced, the appropriate correction needs to
be added.
 OKUMURA MODEL (BASE STATION
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT GAIN 𝑮 𝒉𝒕𝒆
)
 At the effective height of 200m, all curves meet and no
correction gain is required (𝑮 𝒉𝒕𝒆 = 𝟎 𝒅𝑩)
 Base station antennas above 200m, introduce positive
gain and antennas lower than 200m have negative gain
factor.
 The parameter of the family of the curves is the
distance between the transmitter and receiver.
 Okumura found that 𝑮 𝒉𝒕𝒆 varies at a rate of
20 dB/decade for effective heights between 30 m
and 1000 m
 OKUMURA MODEL (EFFECTIVE
TRANSMITTER ANTENNA HEIGHT)

 The terrain is averaged along the direction of radio path over the distances
between 3 and 15 kilometers.
 Effective antenna height is determined as the difference between the height of
the BTS antenna and the height of the average terrain.
 OKUMURA MODEL (MOBILE HEIGHT
GAIN FACTOR 𝑮 𝒉𝒓𝒆
)
 All curves meet at the referent 3m horizontal coordinate.
 Higher antennas introduce gain and lower cause loss of
referent signal level.
 The parameter for this family of curves is operating frequency.
 Mobile height gain factor is also separated according to the size
of the city in two clusters: medium and large cities.
 Okumura found that 𝑮 𝒉𝒓𝒆 varies at a rate of 10
dB/decade for Mobile heights less than 3 m and varies at a
rate of 20 dB/decade for Mobile heights between 10 and 3
m.
 OKUMURA MODEL
(ENVIRONMENT GAIN 𝐺𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴)
 For the referent Urban terrain environment the
value of 𝐺𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 = 0 𝑑𝐵.

 For Other terrain types; such as Suburban, Quasi-

Open and Open Areas, the value of 𝐺𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 can be
read the curves.

 𝐺𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 values represent a additional loss

correction factor due to propagation in different
than Urban environment.
 OKUMURA MODEL (OPTIONAL
CORRECTION FACTORS)
 Some of the important terrain related corrections parameters are:

- Terrain undulation height Δh

- Isolated ridge height

-Average slope of the terrain

- Mixed land-sea parameter

 Once the terrain related parameters are calculated, the necessary correction factors can
be added or subtracted as required.
 OKUMURA MODEL
(PROS AND CONS)
 Okumura's model is wholly based on measured data and does not provide any analytical
explanation.
 For many situations, extrapolations of the derived Curves can be made to obtain values
outside the measurement range.
 The validity of such extrapolations depends on the circumstances and the smoothness of
the curve in question.
 The major disadvantage is its slow response to rapid changes in terrain.
 The model is fairly good in urban and suburban areas, but not as good in rural areas.
 Common standard deviations between predicted and measured path loss values are
around 10 dB to 14 dB.
 WEB PLOT
DIGITIZER TOOL
 WebPlotDigitizer is a free, online/offline tool to extract numerical data from plots, images and maps.

This tool can be employed to read values form OKUMURA

Curves to use them in path loss calculations.

 WebPlotDigitizer release notes are available here. The

user manual is available here.
OKUMURA MODEL:
FIGURE 1
 Variable Parameter:
d = [1 2 3 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
80 90 100]
Amu=[20.5 ….. 61]*

 Constant Parameters:
f=1000, hb=200, hm=3,
Urban

 The path loss increase

exponentially as the Tx,Rx
separation distance increase.

 *: This values are read from

Okumura Curves using
Web Digitizer Tool
OKUMURA MODEL:
FIGURE 2
 Variable Parameter:

f =150.23, …. 1916.29*
Amu =28.15, ….
36.27*

 Constant Parameters:

d=20, hb=200, hm=3,

Urban Area.

 The path loss increase linearly

as the operating frequency
increase.
 *: This values are read from
OKUMURA MODEL:
FIGURE 3
 Variable Parameter:

hb = 30:0.5:1000

 Constant Parameters:

f=1000, d=20, hm=3, Amu=

32.9*, Urban Area.

 The path loss decrease

exponentially as the BS
Effective Height increase.

 *: This values are read from

Okumura Curves using
Web Digitizer Tool
OKUMURA MODEL:
FIGURE 4
 Variable Parameter:

hm = 1:0.2:10

 Constant Parameters:

f=1000, d=20, hb=200,

Amu= 32.9*, Urban Area.

 The path loss decrease

exponentially as the MS
Antenna Height increase.

 *: This values are read from

Okumura Curves using
Web Digitizer Tool
OKUMURA MODEL:
FIGURE 5
 Variable Parameter:
G_area = { G_suburban = 9.82,
G_quasi-open areas = 23.28,
G_open areas = 28.63 }*

 Constant Parameters:

f=1000, d=20, Amu=

32.9*,
hb=200, hm=3

 The path loss decrease linearly as

the coverage area change from
suburban to open areas.

 *: Theses values are read from

Okumura Curves using Web
Digitizer Tool
 EXAMPLE 1:
LET US USE OKUMURA MODEL TO DETERMINE THE RECEIVED SIGNAL
LEVEL 2.3 MILES FROM THE SITE OPERATING AT 870MHZ. THE FOLLOWING
NUMERICAL DATA IS GIVEN:

RADIATION CENTERLINE OF THE BTS TRANSMITTER H = 40M

BTS

HEIGHT OF THE MOBILE RECEIVE ANTENNA: HM = 3M

TERRAIN ELEVATION AT THE LOCATION OF THE BTS: EBTS = 340M

AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE TERRAIN IN THE AREA: ETERRAIN = 312M

POWER DELIVERED TO THE BTS ANTENNA: PBTS = 19.5

BTS ANTENNA GAIN: 10LOG(GT ) = 10DB

MS ANTENNA GAIN: 10LOG(GM ) = 0DB

 THE FREE SPACE LOSS BETWEEN THE TX AND RX CAN BE CALCULATED AS:

LFS = 32.45 + 20LOG(2.3×1.609) + 20LOG(870)-10 = 92.61DB

THE BASIC MEDIAN ATTENUATION IS DETERMINED FROM FIGURE 1 AS:

A = 24DB
MU

THE EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF THE BTS TRANSMITTER IS GIVEN AS:

HTE = 40 + 340 - 312 = 68M

CORRECTION FOR THE BASE STATION HEIGHT GAIN CAN BE DETERMINED FROM FIGURE:2

H TU ~ -9DB

THE TOTAL PATH LOSS BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER (INCLUDING THE
ANTENNA GAINS) IS GIVEN AS:

L50 = 92.61+ 24 + 9 = 129.61DB

THE RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL IS OBTAINED AS:

B
RSL =10LOG(19.5×1000)-125.61 = -82.7DM
THANK YOU !!