MCE IGCSE Biology PPT C11 and C12

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CHAPTER 11
GAS EXCHANGE
IN HUMANS
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd The following content has not been through the Cambridge Assessment International Education endorsement process. 1
11.1 Gas Exchange in Humans

In this section, you will learn the
following:
• Describe the features of gas exchange
surfaces in humans.
• Identify the various parts of the
breathing system in diagrams and
images.
• State the function of cartilage in the
trachea.
• Explain how goblet cells, mucus
and ciliated cells protect the gas
exchange system from pathogens and
particles.
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 2


How do organisms obtain oxygen for aerobic respiration?
Organisms obtain oxygen for aerobic respiration through the process of gas exchange.
Unicellular organisms  large surface area to Large animals  smaller surface area to volume
volume ratio: gas exchange by diffusion ratio: use special organs for gas exchange
Fish have gills for gas exchange.

Gases diffuse through the cell membrane of unicellular organisms.

How does air enter our body?PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSE TM
The human gas exchange system

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How does air enter our body?
The nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea

Air usually enters through The trachea is supported by C-shaped
the two external nostrils. rings of cartilage.
Features of the air passages

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How does air enter our body?
Bronchi and bronchioles Alveoli (air sacs)

The trachea divides into two tubes Gas exchange takes place through the
called bronchi (singular: bronchus). walls of the alveoli.
Each bronchus branches into
bronchioles.

How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?
• Numerous alveoli in the lungs provide a large • Walls of the alveoli are richly supplied with
surface area. blood capillaries.
• Wall of the alveolus is only one cell thick. • Thin film of moisture covers the surface of the
alveolus.
Gas exchange in the alveoli
A section of an alveolus
How is oxygen transported around the body?
• High oxygen concentration (in the lungs): oxygen combines with haemoglobin, forming
oxyhaemoglobin.
• Low oxygen concentration (in organs/ tissues): oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen to respiring
cells.

Let’s Practise 11.1
1 Name the parts labelled A to

J in the figure.

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11.2 Breathing Mechanisms in Humans

In this section, you will learn the following:
• Identify the internal and external intercostal muscles in
diagrams and images.
• Explain the role of the ribs, the internal and external
intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in lung ventilation.
• Describe the differences in composition of oxygen, carbon
dioxide and water vapour in inspired and expired air.
• Explain the differences in composition between inspired
and expired air.
• Investigate the differences in composition between
inspired and expired using limewater as a test for carbon
dioxide.
• Investigate and describe the effects of physical activity on
the rate and depth of breathing.
• Explain the relationship between physical activity and
the rate and depth of breathing with reference to an
increase in blood carbon dioxide concentration as
detected by the brain.

Breathing is part of the gas exchange process
The breathing movement consists of two phases:

• Taking in of air – inspiration or inhalation
• Giving out of air – expiration or exhalation

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Ventilation of the lungs
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Inspiration or inhalation PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM
Movement of rib cage and diaphragm during

inspiration
Pathway of air into the lungs during inspiration

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Expiration or exhalation Biology Student's Book
Movement of rib cage and diaphragm during expiration

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How does inspired air differ from expired air?

Differences between inspired and expired air
Component Inspired Air Expired Air
Oxygen About 21.0% About 16.4%
Carbon dioxide About 0.03% About 4.0%
Water vapour Variable (rarely Saturated
saturated)
Nitrogen About 78.0% About 78.0%
Temperature Variable About body temperature
(37°C)
Dust particles Variable but usually Little, if any
present

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Let’s Investigate 11A
• A white precipitate has formed in the limewater in flask B. The limewater in flask A remains clear.
• Expired air contains more carbon dioxide than inspired air.
• Irregular breathing would affect the amount of carbon dioxide inhaled and exhaled.

Let’s Investigate 11B
• Expired air has a higher temperature than inspired air.
Let’s Investigate 11C
• Expired air has more water vapour.

• Water is removed from the blood by diffusion.

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How does exercise affect breathing?
Graph showing rate of breathing

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Let’s Investigate 11D
• There is a greater demand for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide during exercise.
• Hence, breathing rate increases so that more oxygen can be transported to the muscle cells and more
carbon dioxide can be removed from the blood.
• Increased breathing rate immediately after exercise ensures that all the required oxygen is restored to
the cells and all excess carbon dioxide is removed.

What is the stimulus for breathing?

The stimulus for breathing is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
or alveolar air.
Effect of concentration of carbon dioxide on breathing rate

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Let’s Practise 11.2
1 List the differences in the composition of water vapour in inspired and expired air.
2 Examine Figure 11.16 on Student’s Book p. 198 and answer the following questions.
(a) Why does the breathing rate decrease when humans are breathing in 100% oxygen?
Explain what happens in the lungs and the blood of the human subjects.
(b) When in a crowded room, Susan’s breathing rate increased. Her friend, Jane, explained to her that
this is due to the lack of oxygen in the crowded room.
Using the data shown in Figure 11.16, explain why Jane’s explanation is inaccurate.

What have you learned?
Can you draw your own mind map?

What have you learned?

Acknowledgements
• Slide 1: boy sleeping – ID 165678191 © Ia64 | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 3: microorganisms © pixabay.com (https://pixabay.com/images/id-2322612/); fish © mihtiander | 123rf.com
• Slide 8: blood vessel © pixabay.com (https://pixabay.com/images/id-4807218/)
• Slide 11: Backlight of woman silhouette breathing fresh air at sunset © ID 206068491 © Antonio Guillem | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 12: X-ray slide – ID 109052173 © Agcuesta | Dreamstime.com

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CHAPTER 12
RESPIRATION
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Why do living organism respire?

Living organisms need energy to move, excrete, grow and reproduce.
How do plants and animals get

the food they need?
Respiration is the breakdown of food

molecules with the release of energy in
living cells.
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Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration is the chemical breakdown of food molecules in the presence of oxygen. This process
releases large amount of energy.
The overall reaction of aerobic respiration:
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + (large amount of energy)
The balanced chemical equation of aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + (energy)
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Anaerobic respiration Biology Student's

Book
Anaerobic respiration is the chemical breakdown of food molecules in the

absence of oxygen. This process releases much less energy than aerobic
respiration.
In yeast
Yeast releases ethanol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration, which is known as
alcoholic fermentation. The overall reaction of anaerobic respiration in yeast:
glucose  ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ small amount of energy)
The balanced chemical equation:
C6H12O6
 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 (+ energy)
In muscle cells
Lactic acid is formed during anaerobic respiration in the muscles. The overall
reaction of anaerobic respiration in human muscles:
glucose  lactic acid (+ small amount of energy)
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How can oxygen debt (or lactic acid) be removed?

(a) Continuation of deeper and faster breathing (b) Continuation of fast heart rate
Athletes continue to breathe deeply and faster after a race.
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Comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Similarities
• Both processes release energy.
• Both processes involve the breakdown of food molecules.
• Both processes require enzymes to catalyse the breakdown of food molecules.
Differences
•Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Oxygen is required. Oxygen is not required.
A large amount of energy is released. A small amount of energy is released.
Carbon dioxide and water are Human muscles: lactic acid is produced Yeast:
produced. carbon dioxide and ethanol are produced
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Practise
12.14 A spirometer is an instrument used to measure the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs during
breathing. When we breathe in, the volume of air in our lungs increases. When we breathe out, the volume of air
in our lungs decreases.
In this experiment, a man was at rest for one minute and then exercised for the next minute. His rate of
breathing was recorded in the figure below.
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12.2 Studying Respiration

In this section, you will learn the following:
• Investigate and describe the effect of temperature on respiration in yeast.
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How do we know that living organisms respire?
Let’s Investigate 12A

• It is to remove dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide from the glucose solution. Oxygen must be removed because
fermentation is an anaerobic process. Carbon dioxide must be removed so that it does not interfere with the results.
• The layer of oil prevents oxygen in the air from entering the yeast suspension.
• Bubbles emerge from the end of the delivery tube. A white precipitate is produced in the limewater. Yeast releases
carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration.
• Everything is the same except that boiled yeast suspension is used. The yeast suspension is boiled and then cooled
before use.
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How do we know that living organisms respire?
Let’s Investigate 12B
• The rate of respiration increases until its optimum temperature is reached. As the temperature increases beyond the
optimum temperature, the rate of respiration decreases.
• The yeast must be allowed time to come to equilibrium with its surroundings.
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Practise
12.21 A universal indicator can show us how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is. This is measured using a pH scale from pH 0
to pH 14 as shown in the colour chart below.
Colour chart: Neutral solutions have a pH of 7. Acidic solutions have

a pH of less than 7. Alkaline solutions have a pH greater than 7.
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What have
Biology
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM

Biology Student's Book

11.1 Gas Exchange in Humans

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 2

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 3

How do organisms obtain oxygen for aerobic respiration?

Fish have gills for gas exchange.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 4

Biology Student's Book

The human gas exchange system

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 5

The nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea

Features of the air passages

How does air enter our body?

Bronchi and bronchioles Alveoli (air sacs)

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 9

How is oxygen transported around the body?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 11

Let’s Practise 11.1

1 Name the parts labelled A to

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 12

11.2 Breathing Mechanisms in Humans

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 15

Breathing is part of the gas exchange process

The breathing movement consists of two phases:

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 16

Ventilation of the lungs

Movement of rib cage and diaphragm during

Pathway of air into the lungs during inspiration

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 19

Movement of rib cage and diaphragm during expiration

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 21

How does inspired air differ from expired air?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 24

Let’s Investigate 11A

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 29

Let’s Investigate 11B

• Expired air has a higher temperature than inspired air.

Let’s Investigate 11C

• Expired air has more water vapour.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 30

How does exercise affect breathing?

Graph showing rate of breathing

Let’s Investigate 11D

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 34

What is the stimulus for breathing?

Effect of concentration of carbon dioxide on breathing rate

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 35

Let’s Practise 11.2

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 37

What have you learned?

Can you draw your own mind map?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 38

What have you learned?

Can you draw your own mind map?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 39

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 40

Why do living organism respire?

How do plants and animals get

Respiration is the breakdown of food

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + (energy)

Anaerobic respiration Biology Student's

Anaerobic respiration is the chemical breakdown of food molecules in the

How can oxygen debt (or lactic acid) be removed?