• In situation where the soil at

shallow depth is poor, then in order

to transmit the load safely, depth of
the foundation is increased, till a
suitable soil stratum is met. This is
called Pile Foundation.
 Important Characteristics of Pile Foundation

a) Piles are small diameter

shaft
b) Piles are generally used
in groups
c) Piles transmit the load
through End bearing or
Frictional Resistance
 1. End Bearing Piles

• End Bearing Piles are those which

transmit majority of load to strong
stratum by End bearing
Q

Q= Total Load carrying capacity of pile

Qpg = Bearing Load carrying capacit y o f pile
Q = Frictional Load Carrying Capacit y o f pile
2. Friction Pile
• Friction Piles are those which
transmit majority of load through
friction
• Friction piles are also known as
FLOATING PILES
Classification of Piles on the Basis of Loadin
1. Compression Pile
Classification of Piles on the Basis of Loading

2. Tension Pile
Overturning

Pile Cap

Tension Compression
 Classification of Piles on the Basis of
Loading
3. Laterally Loaded Pile
Classification of Piles on the Basis of Loading

4. Anchored
Pile

Resistance by Friction + Bulk Head

 Classification of Piles on the Effect of
installation on soil

1. Displacement Piles
• Driven Piles are
displacement piles
• These displace the soil in lateral
and upward direction
• They can be large displacement
piles and small displacement piles
 Classification of Piles on the Effect
of installation on soil
1. Displacement Piles
a) Large displacement piles are in
LOOSE SAND and generally 3. 5 D
displaces soil upto a distance of
3.5 times diameter of Pile SAND
b) In case of CLAY, piles are
small displacement piles. These
Piles remould the soil upto a
distance of 2 times of diameter of 2
Pile p
" z CLAY, •
Classification of Piles on the Effect of
Installation on Soil

2.Non Displacement Piles

• These are simply installed in the
soil by making Cavity or bore hole
in the soil
• These piles can be

a) Cast in situ
b) Pre Cast Bored Pile
 Single Pile Load Capacity

Q pu = End Bearing Capacity or Point Bearing

Capacity Qf = Frictional Resistance Capacity
Qu= Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity
Safe Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity

Qs= Qu
FOS
 Note
1. For full Mobilisation of Frictional
Resistance, the relative movement required
is 0.1-1% of Pile Diameter
2. For full mobilisation of point Bearing
Capacity, the relative movement required is 10-
20% Pile Diameter
 Single Pile Capacity in Sandy Soil
1. Driven Pile in Sand
Q

Qpu= (qp) Abase

qp= CNc + qNq + ½ B ϒNϒ Where

For sand, c=0, Also ½ B ϒNϒ • qp= Point bearing resistance
• q= at the base of pile
is neglible as compared to qNq • B= dia of pile
qp = qNq • Abase= Area of base
Effective stress
at the level of base surcharge
Single Pile Capacity in Sandy Soil DENSE SAND

1. Driven Pile in Sand 20D

• Unit Point resistance increases

in direct proportion to the embedded
length of the pile, but Several field
observations indicate that unit point
resistance values increase only upto LOOSE SAND
a limited depth known as Critical
Depth of Pile 15D

• Critical Depth depends on the

angle of shearing resistance and
diameter of pile
Single Pile Capacity in Sandy Soil
1. Driven Pile in
Sand
Frictional
The Resistance
unit skin friction acting at any depth Steel 20 0.5 1
is equal to the soil pressure acting Concrete 0.75 φ 1 2
normal to the pile surface Timber 0.67φ 1. 4
We know that &σh = Kσv 5
Qf= frictional stress x frictional area
Qf= q f x Af where

δ= angle of friction between pile and

soil
K= Lateral Earth Pressure Constant
 Single Pile Capacity in Sandy Soil
2. Pre Cast Bored Pile in Sand
•
In pre c a s t b o r e d p i l e condition, Qf = frictional stress x frictional
frictional resistance capacity is Qf = qf x Af where
area
calculated by taking Qf=K σavg tan δ
K = 0 . 5 a n d δ= φ K= 0.5 and δ= φ
Point Bearing capacity of bored pile
is taken as Half of the Point Bearing
Capacity of Driven Pile.

(Qpu)bored pile=
Single Pile Capacity
3. Piles in Clay
• Piles in Cohesive soil are
underreamed piles of large diameter
to carry most of the load by virtue
of skin friction resistance developed
on the pile shaft
• Bearing capacity is calculated by total
stress approach, using undrained
shear strength
 Single Pile Capacity in Clay
3. Piles in Clay
Q= Qpu + Qf

Qpu= (qp) Abase+ (qf) Af

qp= CNc + qNq + ½ B ϒNϒ

For clay, ϕ=0, So Nϒ=0 and cNc >>>> qNq
qp = cNc (where Nc= 9 as per Skempton)
qp = 9C
 Group Pile
Ultimate load capacity of Pile group

Disturbance in the soil due to

installation of Pile overlap the stress and
varies Pile Group capacity as compared
to n ×Q single pile capacity
 Group Pile
Stress Overlap in Sand
In case of Sand, strength of Soil increases SAND
due to disturbance occurring during
installation, hence
Q group >n×
Qsingle
In case of clay
In case of clay, the strength of soil decrease
CLAY
On remoulding during installation of Pile
Group
 Efficiency of Pile Group
ɳ= Qgroup
n ×Qsingle
pile
• For practical purpose we never take
efficiency greater than 1
• But efficiency can be greater than 1
for sandy soil and less than 1 for
clay soils
 Calculation of

• This can be treated as a rectangular or square Pile

Pile Capacity using Dynamic Pile Formula
1. Engineering News Formula

Where W= weight of hammer

H= Height of free fall

FOS=6 S= Settlement per blow
{C= 2.5cm for drop hammer
.25 for single acting steam hammer}
Q=
 Pile Capacity using Dynamic Pile Formula
1. Modified Hilly Formula

Qgroup=
Where W= weight of hammer c=Total Elastic settlement per blow
H= Height of free fall Efficiency per blow
S= Settlement per blow
Under Reamed Pile

• Under Reamed Piles are used in case

of expansive soil
• Bulb is called as UnderReam and
diameter of bulb is 2 to 3 times
diameter of shaft
• Minimum distance between the two
bulbs is 1.5 × dia of bulb
Efficiency Using Empirical Formula

ɳ= 1- [ ] ɵ

ɵ= ( )

m,n = number of rows and columns

PILE LOAD TEST

• Pile Load Test is the only direct method

for determining allowable load on the
pile and considered to be most reliable
method because it is in situ test.
• Pile load test is also used through
settlement computation.
PILE LOAD TEST
• Pile load test are divided into two categories:
a) Initial Test
b) Routine Test
• Initial Test are carried out on test piles to calculate
allowable load and to check the settlement at working load
before commencement of work on site
• Routine Tests are done on working piles for the
assessment of settlement under working condition
• According to IS code, for more than 200 piles, there
should be minimum of 2 initial tests. Routine test is done
on 0.5% to 2% of total number of piles.
Pile Load Test
Test Pile
A pile which is used only in a load test and does not
carry the load of superstructure
• The minimum test load on such piles should be twice
the safe load (safe load calculated using static
formulae)
• OR
• The load st which total settlement attains a value of
10% of pile and 40 mm in case of pile group.
WORKING PILE

• A pile which is drive or cast in situ along

with other piles to carry load from the
superstructure
• The maximum test load on such piles
should be 1.5 times the safe load ( safe
load calculated using static formulae)
OR
• Upto the load at which total settlement
Attains a value of 12 mm in case of single
pile and 40mm whichever is earlier.
Types of Pile Load Test
1. Compression (Vertical) Load Test
• Vertical load test is carried out to establish load settlement
relationship under compression and to determine allowable
load on pile
2. Lateral Load Test
• Lateral load test is carried out to determine safe lateral load
on pile
3. Pull out test (Tension Test)
Pull out test is carried out to determine safe tension on pile
4. Cyclic Load Test
• Cyclic load test is carried out when it is required to
determine skin friction and End Bearing separately for the
pile
• It is an initial test.
Allowable Load on SINGLE PILE will be lesser of..

1. Two thirds the final load at which settlement

attains a value of 12mm or at specified
settlement in exceptional cases
2. Fifty percent of final load at which total
settlement equals 10% of pile diameter in case
of uniform diameter piles and 7.5% in case of
underreamed piles.
Allowable Load on SINGLE PILE will be lesser of..

1. Final load at which total settlement attains a

value of 25mm or at specified settlement in
exceptional cases
2. Two third of final load at which total settlement
attains a value of 40mm
Settlement of Pile Foundation

Settlement of Pile Group is generally greater

than settlement of individual pile for same
loading (same load per pile), this is because zone
of influence of group of piles is generally more.
Settlement of Pile Foundation
1.When Pile is in Uniform Clay Deposit
• Settlement of pile group cannot be estimated from the
data of a load test on a single pile because of the time
effect, remolding of soil due to pile driving
• It is calculated by equivalent raft method
• The group pile is assumed to act as single large raft
• Load is assumed to be transferred to a depth 2/3 of pile
Length, and then it is assumed to spread out 2 vertical:
1 horizontal to workout the stress increase at mid depth
of clay stratum
• The calculation of settlement is done in similar manner
as done in Consolidation Settlement
Settlement of Pile in Clay

1. When Pile is in
Uniform Clay
Deposit

H
Depth
of clay
Settlement of Pile in Clay