Network Layer in

Computer Networks

The network layer is a critical component of computer networks,

responsible for delivering data between network devices. It handles
addressing, routing, and other essential functions to ensure reliable
and efficient data transfer.

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Purpose and Functionality

The primary purpose of the network layer is to facilitate

communication between devices on different networks. It provides
logical addressing, determines the best path for data to travel, and
manages the flow of information to prevent congestion.
Addressing and Routing
The network layer uses logical addresses, such as IP addresses, to
identify devices and determine the most efficient route for data to
travel. Routing algorithms are used to select the best path based on
factors like distance, network congestion, and security.
IP Protocols
The network layer is defined by various protocols, with the most
widely used being the Internet Protocol (IP). IP protocols handle tasks
like fragmentation, reassembly, and error checking to ensure reliable
data delivery.
Routing Algorithms

Shortest Path Load Balancing Adaptive Routing

Selects the path with the Distributes traffic across Dynamically adjusts routes
fewest hops to the multiple paths to avoid based on changing network
destination. congestion. conditions.
Network Layer Devices
Routers Switches Gateways

Direct data traffic between Manage data flow within a Facilitate communication
networks based on IP local network using MAC between different network
addresses. addresses. protocols and architectures.
Fragmentation and Reassembly
Fragmentation
Reassembly
Large data packets are divided into smaller
fragments to fit the maximum transmission At the destination, the fragments are
unit (MTU) of a network. reassembled into the original data packet.

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Transmission
The fragments are sent individually and
may travel different paths to the
destination.