Group # 9

Participants:
1. Muniza Rani
2. Ayesha Khalid
3. Aima Shoaib
4. Fatima Arzoo
5. Khadija mehak
Invigilator:
Ms.Faiza Nazir
Data Communications and
Computer Networks
 Objectives
 Basic elements of a communication system.
 Techniques, channels, and devices used to transmit data between distant
locations.
 Types of computer networks.
 Communication protocols and their use in computer networks.
 Internetworking tools and their use in building large computer network.
 WHAT IS DATA COMMUNICATION?

 Data Communication is the process of

transferring digital data from one place to
another or between two locations via
transmission medium.
 Basic Elements Of a communication
system
 Message: A piece of information that is to be transmitted from one
person to another. It could be a text file, an audio file, a video file, etc.
 Sender: A device that sends data messages. It can be a computer, mobile,
telephone, laptop, video camera, or workstation, etc.
 Receiver: A device that receives messages. It can be a computer,
telephone mobile, workstation, etc.
 Transmission Medium: Communication channel is a medium that
connect two or more workstations. Workstations can be connected by
either wired media or wireless media.
 Protocols(Set of rules ): A set of rules for formatting data so that all
connected devices can process it .e.g; File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
TCP/IP, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) etc.
 Basic Elements Of a communication
system

Sender Medium
Receiver
(source) Carries the message

Creates and sends the Receives the message

message
 Data Transmission Media

The most commonly used ones are:

 Twisted-pair wire (UTP cable)
 Coaxial cable
 Microwave system
 Communications satellite
 Optical fibers
Unshielded Twisted-(UTP) Pair

CABLE
Coaxial Cable
Digital and Analog Data Transmission

 Analog signal: Transmitted power varies over a continuous range.

Example: sound, light, and radio waves.
 Digital signal: Sequence of voltage pulses represented in binary form.
 Computer generated data signal is digital, whereas telephone lines carry
analog signals.
Digital and Analog Data Transmission

 When digital data is to be sent over an analog facility, digital signals must
be converted to analog form
 Conversion of digital signal to analog form is known as modulation
 Conversion of analog signal to digital form is known as demodulation
 Digital transmission of data is preferred over analog transmission of data
due to lower cost, higher transmission speeds, and lower error rate
Analog and Digital Signals
 NETWORKS

Computer Networking refers to interconnected

computing devices that can exchange data and share
resources with each other.
 Network Topologies

 Term network topology refers to the way in which the nodes of a network
are linked together
 Although number network topologies are possible, four major ones are:
 Star network
 Ring network
 Completely connected network
 Multi-access bus network
Star Network
Ring Network
MESH TOPOLOGY
Bus Network
Hybrid Network
 Network Types

 Networks are broadly classified into two types:

 Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN)Local Area Network
(LAN) as compared to WAN:
 Limited to a small geographic coverage
 Has much higher data transmission rate
 Experiences fewer data transmission errors
 Has lower data communication cost
 Typically owned by a single organization
 Networks that share some of the characteristics of both LANs and WANs are referred
to as Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN LAN,
WAN,MAN
PARAMETERS LAN WAN MAN

OWNERSHIP OF PRIVATE PRIVATE OR PUBLIC PRIVATE OR

NETWORKS PUBLIC

GEOGRAPHICAL SMALL VERY LARGE MODERATE

AREA COVERED
DESIGN AND EASY NOT EASY NOT EASY
MAINTENANCE
COMMUNICATION COAXIAL CABLES PSTN OR COAXIAL
MEDIUM SATELLLITE LINKS CABLES ,PSTN,OP
TICAL FIBRE
BANDWIDTH LOW HIGH MODERATE

DATA RATES HIGH LOW MODERATE

(SPEED)
 Network linking devices
Computer networking devices, are physical devices which are

required for communication and interaction between devices on a

computer network.

 NIC

 HUBS

 SWITCHES

 ROUTER

 MODEM

 CABLE AND CONNECTORS

 NETWORK LINKING DEVICES
1.NIC(NETWORK INTERFACE CARD)
 Circuit board installed in computer
 Network/lan adaptor

2.Hub 3.SWITCHES
Serves as a central connection  Wired connection to printers,
point iot devices etc.
Half duplex  Full duplex
 NETWORK LINKING DEVICES
4.Cable and connectors
 Use for connecting different devices

5.Router 6.Modem
Connection b/w modem and  Acronym for modulator and
wireless devices demodulator
Must need modem to function  Act as translator
 Digital signal to analogue and
vice versa…
 Network linking devices

Modulation and
demodulagtion:-
NETWORKING OVER THE GLOBE: THE BIG PICTURE
QUERIES PLEASE