STATISTICS

Statistics refers to the techniques by

which data are collected, presented,
organized, analyzed and interpreted.
TWO (2) TYPES OF STATISTICS
• Descriptive Statistics includes the techniques
which are concerned with summarizing and
describing data.

• Inferential Statistics is concerned more with

generalizing information or making inference
about a population.
Statistics has been playing a vital role in
our everyday activities.
1. The number of persons living in a household is a
statistical data.
2. The number of daily text messages sent to
WOWOWIN is a statistical information.
3. The very recent pandemic problem (Covid-19) which
has affected the entire world likewise suggests
statistical data.
 Grade of 7-Determination Birth Month
• Collection-Taking a look on its records on file
• Presentation -Tabulating the important data
• Organization -Organizing all information will provide
basis for a persuasive presentation.
• Analysis -Examining more deeply the information
presented will provide understanding
• Interpretation – Giving an opinion to the analysis
made to the data presented will make the
interpretation process more plausible and reliable.
What to do?
• Make a survey of the birth month of your
classmates.
• Complete the frequency distribution table and
answer the questions that follow.
• Present your data using a bar graph on a long
bond paper.
• Answer the following questions.
Birth Month Tally Frequency
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
QUESTIONS:
1. How many of your classmates have March as their birth month?
2. How many of your classmates have August as their birth month?
3. How many of your classmates have June as their birth month?
4. In what month is the greatest number of your classmates were
born?
5. In what month is the least number of your classmates were born?
6. How many students took part in the survey?​
Directions: Determine whether the following statements below suggest
activities that belong to EDUCATION, MEDICINE, RESEARCH, BUSINESS,
LAW ENFORCEMENT, SPORTS or GOVERNMENT.
1. Assessing Patient’s Improvement
2. Prioritizing infrastructure projects for the City
3. Requesting Funding for additional learning materials
4. Predicting Supply and Demands
5. Evaluating implemented school programs
6. Appreciating Police Visibility
7. Reporting the Financial Status of the City
8. Consolidating Medical Reports
9. Random Sampling on the causes of Drug Addiction
10. Choosing the MVP of a basketball game
Common Terms in Statistics
• Population
It refers to a set of people, objects, measurements, or happenings that
belongs to a define group.
• Individual
It is an observation such as a person or object included in the study.
• Sample
It refers to as a subject, subgroup, or representative of a population. It is a
small portion or part of a population.
• Parameter
It is a data obtained about a population. It is any numerical or nominal
characteristics of a population.
• Data
It is a collection of information about a study under
investigation. It may be a number (quantitative), or a word
(qualitative).
• Qualitative data
This refers to the data that describes the given information
such as marital status (single or married), age (youth, adult or
senior citizen), height (tall or short), size of a family (big family or
small family), religion, nationality, etc.
• Quantitative data
This refers to the data the gives numerical values or
measurement such as weight, age, height, or weekly allowance.
Quantitative data can be discrete or continuous.
Discrete Data – Data that can only take certain values is called discrete data or discrete
values. This is data that can be counted and has a limited number of values. It usually comes in the
form of whole numbers or integers. These values must fit into certain categories and can’t be
broken into smaller parts.
Examples
1. Number of motor vehicle accident in the intersection of Gil Fernando Ave.
Marikina City and Marcos highway
2. Number of students in certain online class
Continuous Data – Continuous data are those that can be measured. It is conceivable
for this data to take on an unlimited number of different values because its values are not fixed.
There are smaller, individual components that make up these metrics as well.
Examples
1. Height
2. Temperature
Variable
It refers to the characteristics of the individual to be
measured or observed. In a cheerleading troupe with male
and female dancers, gender is a variable.

Classification of variables:
Dependent Variable – a variable affected or influenced by
another variable
Independent Variable – one that affects or influences the
dependent variable
Sampling Techniques
• Random Sampling is a method by which every element of a
population has a chance of being included in a sample.
a. Simple random sampling is a procedure where a sample is
selected in such a way that every element is a likely to be
selected as any other element from the population.
b. Systematic random sampling is a sampling procedure with a
random start.
c. Stratified random sampling is specifically used when the
population can naturally be classified or strata.
What are Statistical Instruments?
A statistical instrument is any process
that aim at describing a phenomenon by
using any tool. It is a device used to gather
or collect the needed data of a study.
Examples of statistical instruments are
questionnaire and survey samplings.
•Questionnaire is a set of printed or written
questions with a choice of answers, devised
for the purpose of a statistical study.

•Survey is a form of a statistical instrument

used in investigating the opinions or
experiences of (a group of people) by
asking them questions.
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
What are DATA?
Data is a collection of facts
such as numbers, words,
measurements, observations or
anything that suggest
information.
Types of Data
At the highest level, there are two types of data: quantitative
and qualitative.
1. Qualitative data
These are data which are non-numerical quantities or
attributes.
2. Quantitative data
These data refer to outcomes that can be expressed.
numerically. In some cases, quantitative data can also be
referred to as numeric data.
Examples of Qualitative Data are:
GENDER, ETHNICITY, DATE OF BIRTH, COLOR,
RACE, etc.

Examples of Quantitative Data are:

HEIGHT, AVERAGE FREE THROW PER GAME, SIZE
OF SHOES, GRADE IN MATH, etc.
There are two types of quantitative data:
continuous and discrete.
1. Continuous data
These are data which may take on any value in
a given interval and it gives rise to measurement.

2. Discrete data
These data take on any discrete value in a
given interval of values and it gives rise to counting.
Examples of Continuous Data are:
WEIGHT, RATING, SPEED, TEMPERATURE, ANGLE
MEASURE, etc.

Examples of Discrete Data are:

NO. OF CHILDREN IN THE FAMILY, PLATE NUMBER,
NO. OF PLAYERS IN A TEAM, etc
Directions: Identify the type of data of the following
characteristics. Write QL for qualitative data and QT for
quantitative. For quantitative data, classify if it is C for
continuous, D for discrete and CBD for cannot be
determined.
GATHERING
STATISTICAL
DATA
LESSON 2
What is Data Gathering?
Data gathering simply means collecting data
needed of a certain study. Formally, data
collection is the process of gathering and
measuring information on variables of interest, in
an established systematic fashion that enables
one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
Methods of Data Gathering
1. Questionnaire. This is done by sending out the
written questions to the persons from whom you
would like to get the needed data.

2. Registration. This utilizes existing records of file.

3. Observation. This is done directly or indirectly.

4. Interview. This is a personal communication with the
person from whom you would like to give you about the
needed information.

5. Experimentation. This is done by making or conducting

scientific inquiry.

6. Focus Group Discussion. A focus group discussion involves

gathering people from similar backgrounds or experiences
together to discuss a specific topic of interest. It is a form of
qualitative research where questions are asked about their
perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, opinions or ideas.
Directions: Identify which method of data gathering
procedure is appropriate to use in each of the following
situations.

1. Taking the body temperature as we enter in a mall.

2. Testing the effects of a new drug to treat patients of
various ages and dosages.
3. Surveilling a person under investigation.
4. Asking personal questions to prepare a stage performer in
a competition.
5. Reporting the number of 4Ps recipients enrolled in a
certain junior high school
Directions: Read and study each given situation and determine what
method will be used to collect the needed data. Choose from among
the given methods below.
A. observation B. experimentation C. interview D. survey E.registration
1. A Mathematics Teacher is preparing the BEIS of her advisory class.
The teacher used the Enrolment Form of each of her students to
gather the data needed to complete her BEIS.
2. The G7-Empathy students of a certain JHS were asked to get the
responses of at least three (3) persons in their locality concerning their
opinion regarding blended learning.
3. A Botany Teacher instructed his students to determine the number of
days needed for mongo seeds to sprout. The students recorded their
data on a sheet of paper and submitted to their teacher a few days
after.
4. An intelligence officer is tasked to conduct
surveillance to a person suspected to be involved
on illegal activities.
5. All establishments and offices in town
nowadays require every customer/client to fill out
a form like this.
 LESSON 3
ORGANIZING DATA IN A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
a. Which month has most of the learners born?
b.b. Which month has least number of learners born?
Solution
In the data above, let us construct a frequency distribution table of
the test scores of students in Mathematics using the following
steps.
1. Solve for range Subtract the lowest value from the highest value.
Range = highest value – lowest

In the given data above, the highest value is 46 and the lowest
value is 25. Thus, the range is 21.
Range = 46 – 25
Range = 21
2. Set the desired number of classes Decide on the number of class
interval desired. (usually 5 - 15).
For the given set of data, assume that the desired number of classes is
6.

3. Solve for the class width or class size i

Class width is the size of each class. Divide the range by the desired
number of class interval to determine the size of the class interval
4. Make the first class interval.
Include the smallest value of the data.

5. Identify the class limits (apparent limits)

Class limit is the highest and lowest values
describing a class. Identify the lower- and upper-
class limits of the succeeding class intervals by
adding the size of the class interval to the lower
and upper limits of the next class intervals until
reaching the highest-class interval.
6. Determine the frequency of each class interval by counting the
mark tally.
7. Distribute data in classes
The frequency distribution table shows how many items fall into each
class.

For 41 – 44 class, 41 is the lower-class limit while 44 is the upper-class

limit. You can use 40.5 as the lower-class boundary and 44.5 as the
upper-class boundary to avoid gaps in the continuous number scale.

The class mark is the midpoint of the class. It can be found by getting
the average of the class limits.
For example, the class mark for 41-44 can be solved by (41+44)/2 = 85/
2 = 42.5

The class width or class size of this distribution is 4. It is also the

difference between two successive class marks
Consider the 2nd Quarter test
scores of 50 students in
Mathematics 7.

Let’s construct the frequency distribution table of the 2nd quarter test scores of
50 students using the following steps.
1. Solve for range.
2. Set the desired number of classes.
3. Solve for the class width or class size I
4. Make the first class interval.
5. Determine the class limits.
6. Determine the frequency of each class
by counting the mark tally.
7. Distribute data in classes.
Do the following:
1. Construct a frequency distribution table for this data
using 7 classes. 4
2. Answer the following questions.
a. Determine the number of class intervals.
b. What are the lower- and upper-class limits of the last
class interval?
c. What is the class width?
d. What are the lower- and upper-class boundaries of
the class with highest frequency?
 LESSON 4
DATA REPRESENTATION
Graph
It is a pictorial way of presenting organized
data or values. There are many types of graphs
that can be used to present the data. Some of the
commonly used graphs arepie chart, line graph,
bar graph, histogram, and ogive. The kind of
graph to be used depends on what data you want
to present.
PIE CHART OR CIRCLE GRAPH

A pie chart or circle graph is a circle

divided into sectors according to the
frequencies or percent of each class or
category. Pie chart is commonly used to
show the relation of the parts of something
to the whole.
 The whole circle is equal to 360˚ and
represents 100% while each sector
represents part of the whole that can be
expressed in percent. Remember that the
sum of the percent of sectors should be
equal to 100%.
EXAMPLE: