KARUME INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

(NTA LEVEL 8)
ASSIGMENT 1

• MODULE : EEU 08211FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

• SUBMITTED TO: Mr SHARIF KH.SHARIF
• SUBMITTED BY: FATMA M. ISSA
• REGISTRATION NUMBER: KIST/BEE/20/0001
• ACADAMIC YEAR: 2023/2024
 Analyse AC controller-based structure in designing power converters.
• A power converter is an electrical circuit that changes the electric energy
from one form into the desired form optimized for the specific load. A
converter may do one or more functions and give an output that differs from
the input. It is used to increase or decrease the magnitude of the input
voltage, invert polarity, or produce several output voltages of either the
same polarity with the input, different polarity, or mixed polarities such as
in the computer power supply unit.
• Designing power converters using AC controller-based structures involves
using AC controllers to regulate the voltage, current, and power delivered to
a load. This type of design is crucial in applications requiring efficient
power conversion and control, such as in motor drives, power supplies, and
renewable energy systems. There are key components and considerations in
designing power converters using AC controller-based structures:
• Designing power converters using AC controller-based structures
involves using AC controllers to regulate the voltage, current, and
power delivered to a load. This type of design is crucial in applications
requiring efficient power conversion and control, such as in motor
drives, power supplies, and renewable energy systems. There are key
components and considerations in designing power converters using
AC controller-based structures:
Key Components.

• AC Controllers: These include devices like TRIACs (Triode for

Alternating Current), SCRs (Silicon Controlled Rectifiers), and power
transistors. They control the phase angle of the AC voltage to regulate
the power delivered to the load.
• IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) and MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-
Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors): Used in high-frequency
switching applications due to their fast switching capabilities and
efficiency.
Key components Cont…
• Symbol of SCRs • Symbol of TRIACs
Key components Cont…

• Rectifiers: Convert AC to DC. • Full wave rectifier

Bridge rectifiers are commonly
used to provide a constant DC
voltage.
Key components Cont…
• Inverters:
• Convert DC back to AC with desired frequency and voltage. They are
essential in applications like uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and
solar inverters.
• Control Circuitry:
• Microcontrollers or Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): Provide precise
control over switching devices, implementing algorithms for
regulation, protection, and efficiency optimization.
Key components Cont…
• Filters:
• Smoothing out voltage and current ripples in DC and filtering out
harmonics in AC signals. Inductors and capacitors are typically used.
Design Considerations
• Switching Techniques: The choice between phase control (e.g., using
TRIACs and SCRs) and pulse-width modulation (PWM) is crucial.
Phase control is simpler but can introduce harmonics, while PWM
offers better control and efficiency but requires more complex
circuitry.
•Thermal Management: Power converters generate heat, which needs
to be managed to ensure reliability and longevity. Heat sinks, fans, and
thermal interface materials are commonly used.
Design Considerations cont…

• Power Factor Correction (PFC): To improve the power factor and

reduce the harmonic distortion in the input AC line, PFC circuits are
integrated into the design. This is especially important in complying
with international standards.
• Efficiency: Minimizing losses in the conversion process is a primary
design goal. This involves selecting high-efficiency switching devices,
optimizing the control algorithms, and reducing resistive losses.
Design Considerations cont…

• EMI/EMC Considerations: Power converters can generate

electromagnetic interference (EMI), which can affect other electronic
devices. Proper shielding, grounding, and filtering techniques are
employed to ensure electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
• Isolation: In many applications, especially where safety is a concern,
galvanic isolation is provided between the input and output. This can
be achieved using transformers or optocouplers.
Application

• Motor Drives: AC controllers are used to regulate the speed and torque of AC
motors in industrial and domestic applications.
• Renewable Energy Systems: Inverters and MPPT (Maximum Power Point
Tracking) controllers in solar and wind power systems ensure efficient
conversion and use of renewable energy.
• Power Supplies: Switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) use AC controllers
to convert AC to DC efficiently for various electronic devices.
• HVAC Systems: AC controllers are used in heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning systems to regulate compressors and fans, ensuring energy-
efficient operation.
•
• NOTE:
• AC controller-based structures in power converter design are
fundamental in modern electrical and electronic systems. The design
involves careful consideration of components, control techniques, and
application-specific requirements to achieve efficient and reliable
power conversion. Proper implementation of these systems ensures
optimized performance and compliance with regulatory standards.