CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

Types of Frequency Distributions

1. Cumulative frequency (cf ) distribution or simply a distribution which shows the
cumulative number of observations below the upper boundary (limit) of each class in the
given frequency distribution.
A cumulative frequency distribution is of two types: (i) more than type and (ii) less than
type.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
Types of Frequency Distributions
2. In Relative Frequency Distribution we divide each class frequency by the total number of observations in
the entire distribution
3. A percentage frequency distribution is one in which the number of observations for each class interval is
converted into a percentage frequency by dividing it by the total number of observations in the entire
distribution. The quotient so obtained is then multiplied by 100.
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
2.4 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA : One of the chief aims of data analyst is
to render the meaning of masses of figures clear and comprehensible at a glance.

2.4.1 Functions of a Graph

1. offers easy answers to several questions
2. gives an exact idea of the variations of the distribution
3. easy technique for quick and effective comparison

Advantages
4. Diagrams give an attractive and elegant presentation:
5. Diagrams leave good visual impact:
6. Diagrams facilitate comparison:
7. Diagrams save time:
8. Diagrams simplify complexity and depict the characteristics of the data:
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
2.4.2
: General Rules For Drawing
Diagrams
Title: Each diagram should have a suitable title.
Proportion of length and breadth: An appropriate
proportion between the length and breadth of the
diagram should be maintained.
Proper scale: The diagram should neither be too small
nor too large.
Footnotes and Source note: To clarify any points which
need further explanation but cannot be shown in the
graph, footnotes are given at the bottom of the diagrams.
Legend/ Index: A brief index explaining the different
types of lines, shades, designs or colors used in the
construction of the diagram should be given to
understand its contents.
Simplicity: Diagrams should be prepared in such a way
that they can be understood easily.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
:

2.5 TYPES OF DIAGRAMS

• Dimensional diagrams
(i) One dimensional diagrams such as histograms, frequency polygones and pie
charts.
(ii) Two-dimensional diagrams such as rectangles, squares and circles.
(iii) Three dimensional diagrams such as cylinders and cubes.

• Pictograms or Ideographs
• Cartographs
The one-dimensional diagrams (charts) used for graphical presentation of data sets are as follows:
• Histogram
• Frequency polygon
• Frequency curve
• Cumulative frequency distribution (Ogive)
• Pie diagram
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
: • Histogram
(i) Simple bar charts
(ii) Grouped (or multiple) charts
(iii) Deviation bar charts
(iv) Subdivided bar charts
(v) Paired bar charts
(vi) Sliding bar charts
(vii) Relative frequency bar charts
(viii) Percentage bar charts
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
:
2.5.2 Two-dimensional Diagrams

Rectangles
Squares
Circles
 Exercise
Question 2.1
Question 2.2
Question 2.4
Question 2.6
Question 2.8