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Steel Structure for

Structure Engineer

(DESIGN PHILOSOPHY)
Abdullah Ghiyats Dhiya Ulhaq ,ST
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INTRODUCTION
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Let me introduce ….
"Like a key that opens a treasure chest, understanding unlocks affection."

• Name : Abdullah Ghiyats Dhiya Ulhaq ,ST

• Education :
a. SMAN 8 Malang
b. Teknik Sipil Universitas Brawijaya Malang
(2011-2016)

• Professional Experience :
a. PT. Catur Elang Perkasa
b. PT. Yodya Karya
c. PT. Bakrie Metal Indsutries
d. PT. ACSET Indonusa
– Construction Planner (2016-2017)
– Structure Engineer (2017-2020)
– Structure Engineer (2021-2022)
– Structure Engineer (2022-now)
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Introduction – Structural Steel
• Steel is a alloy consisting of iron (Fe) and carbon (C).

Current Usage and Steel Prefab

Future Trends & Light Steel
(Since the mid-20th century and keep going)

Innovation in Design
and Materials
(late 19th and early 20th centuries)

Early Steel • Growth of the Steel

Structures Construction Industry
(18th and 19th centuries) • World Wars and Post-
War Period

Industrial Revolution Introduction of Bessemer Process

Iron Age
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Introduction – Structural Steel

Iron Bridge (Shropshire, England - 1781)

Eiffel Tower (Paris, France - 1889) The Rand McNally Building (Chicago,
USA - 1885 to 1911)
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Introduction – Structural Steel

Proyeksi Kinerja Baja Nasional

2024
Konsumsi baja nasional pada tahun 2024 diperkirakan akan mencapai 18,3 juta
ton atau tumbuh sebesar 5,2% mengikuti tren pertumbuhan konsumsi
sepanjang 2020-2023 setelah pandemi COVID-19. Pertumbuhan ini ditopang
oleh berbagai kondisi yang menjadi pendorong permintaan baja antara lain:
pertumbuhan baja global, pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional, belanja infrastruktur
pemerintah, pertumbuhan sektor properti, pertumbuhan sektor industri pengguna
baja otomotif, elektronik, dan peralatan rumah tangga. (Sumber : IISIA, 03
January 2024)

Pertumbuhan Baja Global

World Steel Association (WSA) dalam proyeksi jangka pendek yang dikeluarkan
pada Oktober 2023 memperkirakan konsumsi baja global pada tahun 2023
tumbuh sebesar 1,8% menjadi 1.814,5 juta ton, dan konsumsi baja dunia
pada tahun 2024 akan tumbuh lebih lanjut sebesar 1,9% menjadi 1.849,1
juta ton. (Sumber : IISIA, 03 January 2024)
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Introduction – Structural Steel

Proyeksi Kinerja Baja Nasional 2024

Dengan memperhatikan proyeksi baja global, khususnya Tiongkok, dan
perkembangan sektor industri pengguna baja nasional, maka IISIA
memproyeksikan konsumsi baja nasional (Apparent Steel Consumption-ASC)
pada tahun 2024 akan tumbuh sebesar 5,2%, (Sumber : IISIA, 03 January 2024)

(Sumber : IISIA, 03 January 2024)

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Introduction – Structural Steel
Structural Engineering:

Design of different structures (Buildings, bridges, dams,

ships, stadiums, etc.):
 Satisfy needs or functions
 Support its own loads
 Support external loads

Steel Design:

Design of different structures (Buildings, bridges, dams,

ships, stadiums, etc.):
 Selection of structural form .
 Determination of external loads.
 Calculation of stresses and deformations.
 Determination of size of individual members.
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Introduction – Structural Steel
Advantages of steel as a construction material :

 High load resisting

 High ductility
 Easy control for steel structure
 No formed as in a concrete structure
 Elastic properties

Disadvantages of steel as a construction material :

 No ability to resist the fire

 No ability to resist the corrosion
 High cost
 Engineering properties of steel
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Introduction – Structural Steel
Type of steel and composition :

fe
Ca What is the influence of carbon elements on steel?

Pros : Carbon enhances tensile strength,

hardness, wear resistance, and abrasion resistance.

Steel Cons : High carbon content will decrease the

toughness and machinability of steel. Carbon itself does
not contribute to corrosion resistance.

Hot dip Galvanize for preventing corrosion effect

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Introduction – Structural Steel
• The most interest test for steel engineering
characteristics is Tensile Test.

• If specimen is subjected to an axial load (P)

• The applied load leads to a strain , and stress

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Introduction – Structural Steel

• f - axial tensile stress.

• P - axial load
• A - cross-sectional area.
• ɛ - Axial strain.
• L - length of specimen
• ΔL - change in length of specimen
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Introduction – Structural Steel
• Stress–Strain Diagram

• The relationship between stress and strain is linear up to the proportional limit,
the material is said to follow

Hook’s law
• The stress f is directly proportional to the strain

• Where:
E- Modulus of elasticity.
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Three Major Design Philosophies

• Working Stress • Ultimate Load • Limit State

Method(WSM)/ Method Method
Allowable
Stress Design
(ASD)

WSM/ASD ULM LSM

LRFD (LOAD RESISTANCE

FACTOR DESIGN)

Building Codes
• Buildings must be designed and constructed according to the provisions
of a building code, which is a legal document containing requirements
related to such things as structural safety, fire safety, plumbing,
ventilation, and accessibility to the physically disabled.
• Building codes do not give design procedures, but they do specify the
design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied.
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Building Codes
Loading Standard Codes:
−SNI 1727 : 2020 tentang Beban Minimum untuk Perancangan
Bangunan Gedung dan Struktur Lain

Earthquake Codes:
−SNI 1726 : 2019 tentang Tata cara perencanaan ketahanan
gempa untuk struktur bangunan gedung dan nongedung
−Peta gempa yang digunakan periode 2500 tahun.
(https://rsa.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/2021/)

Design Standard Codes:

−American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 2012
−SNI 1729 : 2020 tentang Spesifikasi Bangunan Gedung Baja
Struktural
−Americal Welding Society (AWS) D 1.1
−Americal Welding Society (AWS) D 1.5
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
• A general statement assuming safety in engineering design is:
Resistance ≥ Effect of applied loads ---(1)
• In eq(1) it is essential that both sides are evaluated for same
conditions and units e.g. steel stress while loaded should be
compared with bearing capacity stress or yield strength
• Resistance of structures is composed of its members which
comes from materials & cross-section properties
• Resistance, Capacity, and Strength are somewhat synonym
terms.
• Terms like Demand, Stresses, and Loads are used to express
Effect of applied loads.
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY – LIMIT STATES
• When particular loading reaches its limit, failure is the assumed
result, i.e. the loading condition become failure modes, such a
condition is referred to as limit state and it can be defined as

• “A limit state is a condition beyond which a structural system or

a structural component ceases to fulfill the function for which it
is designed.”

• There are three broad classification of limit states:

1. Strength limit states
2. Serviceability limit states
3. Special limit states

• Strength Limit States:

1. Flexure
2. Torsion
3. Shear
4. Fatigue
5. Settlement
6. Bearing
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY – LIMIT STATES
• Strength Limit States:
1. Flexure
2. Torsion
3. Shear
4. Fatigue
5. Settlement
6. Bearing

• Serviceability Limit States:

1. Cracking
2. Excessive Deflection
3. Buckling
4. Stability

• Special Limit States:

1. Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes.
2. Structural effects of fire, explosions, or vehicular
collisions.BucklingStability

• Design Approach used must ensure that the probability of a

Limit State being reached in the Design/Service Life of a
structure is within acceptable limits.
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY – LIMIT STATES
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY – LIMIT STATES

Lateral Torsional Buckling Failure Compression

Local Buckling Flexure Failure

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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY – DESIGN CONSIDERATION
• An important goal in design is to prevent limit state from
being reached.
• It is not economical to design a structure so that none of its
members or components could ever fail. Thus, it is necessary
to establish an acceptable level of risk or probability of failure.
• The two distinct procedures employed by designers/engineers
are Allowable Stress Design (ASD) & Load & Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD).

• ASD = actual stress values are compared to the AISC allowable

stress values
• LRFD = actual forces and moments are compared to the AISC
limiting forces and moments capacity
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY – ASD (ALLOWABLE STRESS
DESIGN)
• Safety in the design is obtained by specifying, that the effect of
the loads should produce stresses that is a fraction of the yield
stress fy, say one half.

• This is equivalent to:

SF = Resistance
Effect of load
= fy/0.5fy
= 2

• Since the specifications set limit on the stresses, it became

allowable stress design (ASD).
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY – LRFD (LOAD RESISTANCE
FACTOR DESIGN)
• The LRFD method is based on: Strength Material

• It consider the variability not only in resistance but also in the

effects of load.

• Safety in the design is obtained by specifying that the reduced

Nominal Strength of a designed structure is more than the
effect of factored loads acting on the structure.

Where,
• Rn = Resistance or Strength of the component being designed
• Qi = Effect of Applied Loads
• Φ = Resistance Factor or Strength Reduction Factor
• ɣ = Overload or Load Factors
• ɣ/Φ = Factor of Safety
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CONSTRUCTION
IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

METODE
PEMASANGAN
JEMBATAN STEEL TUB GIRDER
CIMANGGIS CIBITUNG TOLLWAYS
SEKSI 2
BENTANG P37 – P38 DAN P38 – P39

Resource : PT. Bakrie Metal Industries

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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

Tower SUTT 150 KV

P P P
s A
37 38 Ga39 2
s i pa
ea rP
ik lu
i C Ja
nga
S u
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Rangkai nose beam di atas jig yang

telah disiapkan menggunakan
forklift 5 ton
2. Jika STG 65 meter telah selesai
disambung, maka nose beam bisa
disambungkan dengan STG 65M
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Lakukan pengecekan terhadap lendutan yang terjadi setelah semua ganjal pada nose beam dan
girder dilepas
2. Lakukan pengetesan mekanisme pada skid shoe sebelum melakukan launching tahap 1.
Mekanisme yang perlu diperhatikan sebelum dilakukan launching antara lain :
• Sistem kontrol pada skid shoe yang dikendalikan dengan remot berjalan dengan baik
• Hydraulic jack pada skid shoe dapat berfungsi dengan baik
• Power pack berfungsi dengan baik
• Koneksi antara skid shoe dengan meja atau balok yang menjadi tumpuan girder sudah
tekunci sempurna (tidak goyang)
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

Lateral Stopper

Teck Welding
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Launching rangkaian nose beam dan girder sejauh 49 meter

2. Lakukan pengecekan setiap rangkaian launching 10 meter. Pengecekan yang dilakukan
antara lain :
• Pengecekan lendutan yang terjadi pada ujung nose beam selama proses kantilever
• Pengecekan kelurusan rangkaian agar tetap searah dengan jalur yang telah
ditentukan
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
1. Angkat ujung STG
65M menggunakan
crawler crane 120
ton untuk
melepaskan skid
shoe
2. Pasang ganjal pada
bagian belakang
STG 65M untuk
dudukan selama
proses
penyambungan
dengan STG 57M
3. Lepaskan skid shoe
bagian depan STG
65M, dan dudukkan
pada roller yang
telah terpasang
sebelumnya
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Lakukan pengecekan terhadap lendutan yang terjadi setelah ganjal pada

girder dilepas
2. Lakukan pengecekan koneksi antara skid shoe dengan meja atau balok
yang menjadi tumpuan girder sudah tekunci sempurna
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Launching rangkaian nose beam dan girder sejauh 9,7 meter sampai nose beam menumpu pada
roller pier P38
2. Lakukan pengecekan rangkaian girder. Pengecekan yang dilakukan antara lain :
• Pengecekan lendutan yang terjadi pada nose beam dan girder setelah nose beam menumpu
pada roller pier P38
• Pengecekan kelurusan rangkaian agar tetap searah dengan jalur yang telah ditentukan
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Launching rangkaian nose beam dan girder sejauh 23,8 meter dan posisi skid
shoe No.1 berasa 30 meter di belakang roller pier P39
2. Lakukan pengecekan setiap rangkaian launching 10 meter. Pengecekan yang
dilakukan antara lain :
• Pengecekan lendutan yang terjadi pada nose beam dan girder
• Pengecekan kelurusan rangkaian agar tetap searah dengan jalur yang
telah ditentukan
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Lepaskan skid shoe No.1 sebelum melanjutkan proses launching

2. Lakukan pengecekan lendutan yang terjadi pada nose beam dan girder setelah
skid shoe No.1 dilepaskan
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Launching rangkaian nose beam dan girder sejauh 3 meter sampai posisi nose beam
menumpu pada roller pier P37
2. Lakukan pengecekan rangkaian girder. Pengecekan yang dilakukan antara lain :
• Pengecekan lendutan yang terjadi pada nose beam dan girder setelah nose
beam menumpu pada roller pier P37
• Pengecekan kelurusan rangkaian agar tetap searah dengan jalur yang telah
ditentukan
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Launching rangkaian nose beam dan girder sejauh 6 meter sampai 1 segmen nose beam
dapat dilepaskan menggunakan mobile crane 50 ton
2. Lakukan pengecekan rangkaian girder. Pengecekan yang dilakukan antara lain :
• Pengecekan lendutan yang terjadi pada girder setelah 1 segmen nose beam
dilepas
• Pengecekan kelurusan rangkaian agar tetap searah dengan jalur yang telah
ditentukan
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

Lepas Sambungan Top Chord

1. Tumpu STG 65M dan STG 57M pada portal jack

yang telah terpasang sebelumnya
2. Lepas sambungan top chord dan bottom chord
link set
3. Jack up STG 65M menggunakan portal jack
setinggi 5 cm untuk memberikan celah antara
bottom chord nose beam dan link set terhadap
Lepas Sambungan Bottom Chord
roller untuk proses pelepasan roller
4. Jika sudah terdapat celah, pindahkan roller di pier
P37 dan P38
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Setelah STG 65M berada di posisi line

5, pasang portal jack untuk proses
penurunan girder
2. Turunkan girder menggunakan portal
jack yang telah terpasang sampai
menumpu pada sliding beam bagian
bawah
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Jika STG 57M sudah berada pada line

6, posisikan girder di atas dummy
bearing menggunakan hydraulic jack
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CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION

1. Jika STG line 6 terpasang, selanjutnya pasang STG line 5, 4, 1, 2, dan 3

“The strength of a structure depends on the strength of its
elements and the way they are joined together.” – Gustave Eiffel

THANK YOU