DEPARTMENT OF

CSECOMPUTING
COGNITIVE
21CS3270R

Topic:

OTHER METHOD OF KNOWLEDGE

REPRESENTATION

Dr. Basant Sah

Associate Professor
Department of CSE
 AIM OF THE SESSION
To familiarize students with the basic concept of Representation of Knowledge :

INSTRUCTIONAL
OBJECTIVES

To familiarize students with the basic concept of other method of Knowledge Representation:

LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
1. Describe Knowledge Representation in detail
2. Summarize various Knowledge Representation techniques.

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 INTRODUCTION

• In this session we are going to learn the Knowledge and several method of

representation .

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 Other method of knowledge representation

1. Propositional Logic - A proposition is the basic building block of logic. It is defined as a

declarative sentence that is either True or False, but not both.
1. 1+1=2
2. The sun rises in the East and sets in West.

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 Other method of knowledge representation
2.Predicate Logic - Predicate logic is an extension of Propositional logic. It adds the concept of predicates
and quantifiers to better capture the meaning of statements that cannot be adequately expressed by
propositional logic.
It use some predicate (Function). ∀x –> For all , ∃x -> There exist

For Example.
Ram likes Mango -> Likes(Ram,Mango).

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 Semantic network
3. Semantic networks: A semantic network is a graphical representation of knowledge that captures the
relationships between concepts and their properties. It is a form of directed graph where nodes represent
concepts and edges represent relationships between concepts.

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 Frame based system
4. Frame-based systems: Frames are record like structure that have slots and slot value. Frame-
based systems use a data structure called a "frame" to represent knowledge about a particular
concept. Each frame contains information about the properties and relationships of a concept, such
as its attributes, behaviors, and relationships to other concepts.

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Cont’d

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 Rule based system
5.Rules-based systems: Rules-based systems represent knowledge as a set of rules or
statements that describe the relationships between concepts. The rules can be used to
make inferences about the knowledge represented in the system.

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 Description logics
6.Description Logics: Description Logics is a family of knowledge
representation languages that are used to express complex relationships
between concepts and individuals in a formal and machine-readable way.

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 Conceptual graph
7.Conceptual graphs: Conceptual graphs are a graphical representation of
knowledge that use nodes to represent concepts and edges to represent relationships
between concepts. The edges can be labeled to specify the nature of the relationship,
such as inheritance, part-whole, or cause-effect .
For Example : “ Mary gave the book to John”

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 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is a key objective of knowledge representation in artificial intelligence?

a. Data storage
b. Efficient computation
c. Effective communication
d. All of the above

2. What is the primary purpose of using ontologies in knowledge representation?

a. To model spatial relationships

b. To represent hierarchical structures
c. To store large datasets
d. To optimize algorithms

CREATED BY K. VICTOR BABU

 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

3.In a semantic network, what does a node represent?

a. A data point
b. A relationship
c. A processing unit
d. A user input

4.Which knowledge representation technique is suitable for handling uncertainty and probability in AI systems?

a. Frames
b. Logic-based representation
c. Fuzzy logic
d. Semantic networks
CREATED BY K. VICTOR BABU
 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

5.What is a disadvantage of using rule-based knowledge representation?

a. Limited expressiveness
b. Difficulty in capturing relationships
c. Inability to handle uncertainty
d. High computational complexity

CREATED BY K. VICTOR BABU

 SUMMARY

In this session there has been discussed about Knowledge and it several
type of Representation.
This session is limited with theoretical concepts of above mentioned
topics and practical implementation will be carried out as a part of
practical's.

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 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. Explain the several type of knowledge representation technique.

2. Explain the significance of knowledge representation techniques in artificial
intelligence.

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 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER LEARNING OF THE SESSION

Reference Books:
1. A Brief Introduction to Neural Networks by David Kriesel
2. Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing: Behavioral and Cognitive Modeling of the Human Brain, CRCPress
3. Machine earning for Decision Makers: Cognitive Computing Fundamentals for Better Decision Making, APRESS

Sites and Web links:

1 . https://youtu.be/oUNlNPa1WYc?si=qHCFUyBVES61gGrq
2. https://www.cognizant.com/us/en/glossary/cognitive-computing

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 THANK YOU

Dr. Basant Sah – COGNITIVE COMPUTING

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