CALAYAN EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC.

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Mineral Resources
GRADE 11 CCS-4 EARTH SCIENCE

Prepared by:
Ms. Juliet San Luis
Subject Teacher
 LEARNING COMPETENCY:
At the end of the lesson the students should able to;

• Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. S11ES-Ic-6

• Discuss the processes involved in formation of minerals.
• Realize the importance of rocks and minerals in daily life.
• Discuss the processes involved in formation of minerals.

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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 Occurrence of mineral resource:
• The geologic processes involved in the rock cycle play
major role in the accumulation and
concentration of valuable elements/ minerals.
• Plate tectonics: the Earth’s crust is broken into a dozen or
more plates of different sizes that
move relative to one another (lithosphere). These plates
are moving slowly on top of a hot
and more mobile material called the asthenosphere.

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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 Mineral resources:
1. Magmatic Ore Deposits
- valuable substances are
concentrated within an igneous
body through magmatic processes
such as crystal fractionation, partial
melting and crystal settling.
- magmatic processes can
concentrate the ore minerals that
contain valuable substances after
accumulating elements that were
once widely dispersed and in low
concentrations within the
magma.
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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 2. Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
- concentration of valuable substances
by hot aqueous (water-rich) fluids
flowing through fractures and pore
spaces in rocks
- hydrothermal solutions - are hot,
residual watery fluids derived during
the later stages of magma
crystallization and may contain large
amount of dissolved metals. These can
also originate from the ground water
circulating at depth that is being
heated up by a cooling and solidifying
igneous body or along depths with
known geothermal gradient.
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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 3. Sedimentary Ore Deposits
- Some valuable substances are concentrated by chemical precipitation coming
from lakes or
seawater.
Examples:
• Evaporite Deposits: This type of deposit typically occurs in a closed marine
environment where
evaporation is greater than water inflow. Halite (NaCl), gypsum (CaSO4∙2H20),
borax (used in soap) and sylvite (KCl, from which K is
extracted for fertilizers) are examples of minerals deposited through this
process.
• Iron Formation: These deposits are made up of repetitive thin layers of iron-
rich chert and
several other iron bearing minerals such as hematite and magnetite.

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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 4. Placer Ore Deposits
- Deposits formed by the concentration of valuable
substances through gravity separation during
sedimentary processes.
- Usually aided by flowing surface waters either in streams
or along coastlines.

5. Residual Ore Deposits

- A type of deposit that results from the accumulation of
valuable materials through chemical
weathering processes.
- During the process, the volume of the original rock is
greatly reduced by leaching.
- Important factors for the formation of residual deposit
include parent rock composition, climate
(tropical and sub-tropical: must be favorable for chemical
decay) and relief (must not be high to
allow accumulation)
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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 Mining Methods:
Surface Mining
- Utilized to extract ore
minerals that are close to
Earth’s surface
- Different types include
open pit mining, quarrying,
placer mining and strip
mining.

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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 2. Underground Mining
- Utilized to extract ore
minerals from the ore
body that is deep under
the Earth’s surface

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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 Environmental Impacts
• Possible environmental impacts of irresponsible mining:
- Improper mining can cause
flooding,
erosion,
subsidence,
water and air pollution,
damage to wildlife and habitat
• How to prevent or mitigate the harmful effects of irresponsible mining:
Topsoil replacement using uncontaminated soil
reintroduction of flora and fauna
neutralizing acidic waters
backfilling and sealing of abandoned underground mines
stabilizing the slope of impacted area to reduce erosion, etc.

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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 • Therole of the government (environmental laws) and other
organizations in the
implementation of environmental programs:
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources
- Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB),
- Environmental Management Bureau (EMB),
- Philippine Mine Safety and Environment Association (PMSEA),
Law:
- Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7942)
An Act instituting a new system of mineral resources exploration,
development, utilization and conservation.

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without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 Thank you for
attending!
No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.