Artificial Intelligence

Contents

 Definition of AI
 History of AI
 The importance of AI
 Process involved in AI
 AI as an interdisciplinary tool
 Type of AI
 Applications of AI
 Advantage and Disadvantage of AI
 Definition of AI
 Artificial intelligence refers to the field of computer science and
technology that focuses on creating intelligent machines capable of
performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.it involves the
development of algorithm, models, and systems that enable machines to
learn, reason, perceive, understand natural language, and make decision

 According to the father of AI, John McCarthy, artificial intelligence is “the

science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs”.
 Cont.
 There are many definitions AI, but most of them can be classified
into the following four categories:
• systems that think like humans
• systems that act like humans
• systems that think rationally
• systems that act rationally.
 AI encompasses a wide range of techniques and approaches,
include machine learning, deep learning, natural language
processing, computer vision, robotics, and more. These methods
enable machines to process and organize and analyze large
amount of data, and make prediction or decisions based on the
available information.
History of AI
Here's a concise summary of the key milestones and breakthroughs in the
history of artificial intelligence:
Origins:
• 1940s-1950s: Alan Turing and John McCarthy lay the foundation for AI.
• 1950: Turing proposes the "Turing Test" to evaluate machine intelligence.
• 1956: McCarthy organizes the Dartmouth Conference, marking the birth of AI
as a field.
Early Developments:
• Late 1950s-1960s: Development of AI programs and algorithms.
 Cont.
• 1955: Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon create the Logic Theorist, the first AI
program.
• 1957: Newell and Simon develop the General Problem Solver (GPS) for problem-
solving.
AI Winter:
• 1970s-1980s: Limited progress and decreased funding for AI research.
Expert Systems and Machine Learning :
• 1980s-1990s: Rise of expert systems and machine learning techniques.
• 1980s: Geoffrey Hinton introduces backpropagation algorithm for neural network
training.
Rise of Big Data and Deep Learning :
• 2000s-2010s: Increased data availability and computing power revolutionize AI.
• 2011: IBM's Watson wins Jeopardy!, showcasing the power of AI.
• Advancements in deep learning transform image recognition, speech processing, and
 Cont.
 Current Developments:

• 2010s-2020s: AI integration in daily life, ethical concerns gain attention.

• Ongoing advancements in reinforcement learning, generative models, and

explainable AI.

• AI applications expand in healthcare, finance, transportation, and robotics.

 In this short history, the origin of AI is discovered in philosophy, fiction and

imagination. Initially innovation in electronics , engineering, and various
disciplines have affected artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence involves
work in problem solving which involves primary work in learning,
understanding, translation, theorem proving, associative storage, knowledge
based systems.
 The importance of AI
 AI is not going to replace humans, but it supplements human abilities so
they can be performed better. As AI algorithms learn entirely differently
from humans, they ought to perceive things differently, and can easily
visualize the relationships and patterns that cannot be seen by humans. Thus
the human–AI partnership can offer many opportunities.

• It can provide further support to our existing abilities, and allow for better
perception and understanding.

• It can process images and videos for several real-time applications.

 Cont.
• It provides know-how of ML to be used to build predictive models for AI.
• It can build intelligent systems to provide interactive
communications between humans and AI systems.
• It can learn how software is to be utilized to process, analyze, and
derive meanings from natural language.
 AI adds intelligence to existing processes, it cannot be viewed as an
independent application. For example, in new-generation Apple products,
the Siri is included as a useful feature.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds significant importance in various aspects
of our lives and has the potential to revolutionize numerous industries.
 Cont.
 Here are some key reasons why AI is important:
• Automation and Efficiency
• Decision Making and Predictive Analysis
• Improved Personalization
• Enhanced Healthcare and Medical Research
• Advancements in Robotics
• Improved Safety and Security
• Accessibility and Inclusivity
• Scientific Advancements
 Process involved in AI

 The AI programs will have cognitive skills: such as

• Reasoning process: Its the process that is used for making judgments,
decisions, and predictions. Reasoning processes are mainly categorized as
inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.
• Learning process: Its function is acquiring data and creating rules in order
to devise actionable information from data. Learning improves
understanding of the subjects under study. The rules, also called algorithms,
help provide sequences of instructions to perform a task using computing
devices. It involves acquiring knowledge by way of study, practice, and
gaining experience.
 Cont.
• Problem-solving process: It is used to get the required solution from the
current situation by taking another approach. Problem solving may include
decision-making, i.e., selecting the best out of several possible alternatives
to get the objectives.
• Perception process: It includes selecting, acquiring, interpreting, and
ultimately analyzing the information. In case of humans, perception is
supported by sensory organs. Perception mechanisms in AI place the
sensors data together in a useful manner.
• Self-correction process: It is designed to continually refine the algorithm
so that it determines the most accurate results.
 AI as an interdisciplinary tool
 AI is a technology that encompasses many areas including computer
science, biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, mathematics, and
neuron science. One or more areas may be required to create an AI system.
From an interdisciplinary perspective, the AI domains include explicit
knowledge, language aptitude, verbal and numerical reasoning, creative
and critical thinking, as well as working memory,
 AI is developed in a way similar to the operation of a human brain,
specifically the way a human learns, decides, and works while attempting
to solve a problem, and then using this outcome to develop intelligent
machines and software.
Cont.
 Cont.
 AI includes the use of expert systems, machine learning (ML), deep
learning (DL), natural language processing (NLP), neural network, and
fuzzy logic
 Type of AI

 AI can be classified into seven types depending on the performance of

machines:
1. Reactive machines: Reactive machines are conventional types of AIs that
possess only limited capability to simulate the ability of human mind.
Reactive machines work without memory-based functionality, and so are
unable to correct their present actions based on their past experiences. . A
well-known example is Deep Blue
2. Limited memory: : these AI systems have a small amount of memory,
and thus very limited capacity to apply past experiences to new decisions.
This group includes, among others, chatbots, virtual assistants, and self-
driving vehicles. Many existing applications fall under this category of AI.
 Cont.
3. Theory of mind: This is a psychology term. Theory of mind is the future AI
systems that are presently planned to be developed. When applied to AI, these
systems are expected to have the social intelligence to understand emotions. .
The main purpose of building such an AI is to simulate human emotions and
beliefs through computers that can impact future decisions.
4.Self-aware: These AI systems have a sense of self and possess human-like
consciousness and reactions. Machines with self-awareness will be able to
understand their own current state, and thus be conscious about themselves, and
will use information to infer the emotions of others.
5. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): The ANI is also known as Weak AI,
that is, the one designed and trained to undertake only one particular type of
work (Rouse, 2020). This definition includes all the existing AIs, including the
most complicated ones. Any AI that utilizes ML and DL to teach itself may be
called an ANI.
 Cont.
6.Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): The AGI is also known as Strong
AI. Its program can replicate the cognitive abilities of the human brain. It can
perform a variety of tasks, as well as learn and improve itself. It is a self-
teaching system that can outperform humans in a large number of disciplines.
It provides the ability to perceive, understand, learn, and function, just as
human beings do
7.Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI): The ASI will probably be the future
AI research area, as it would be the most capable intelligence in the world.
The ASI will not only replicate the intelligence of human beings but also have
much higher storage (i.e., memory), faster data analysis, and better decision-
making powers.
Applications of AI

 AI has wide applications. More and more industries, such as education,

health care, travel, entertainment, finance, and marketing, rely heavily on its
ability to solve complex problems and perform complex functions
efficiently . It is also being used in military planning, intelligent vehicle
movement, credit card transaction monitoring, robots, credit card fraud
detection, automobiles, etc. The AI is trying to make users’ daily lives
much more easy and comfortable.
The following are some areas having potential applications of AI:
. Agriculture .Data security
. Banking .Education
. Business .Health care and more
 Some examples of AI
 Intelligent gadgets can make everyday tasks simple and fast. For
example, Alexa is capable of keeping a record of our daily appointments,
list of items to be purchased, play the desired music, read news, and play
innovative games.
Some other examples include the following:
• Echo
• Pandora
• Netflix
• Siri
• GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3):
• AlphaGo
 Advantage and Disadvantage of AI
Advantage Disadvantage
. Better accuracy . High cost
. Higher speed . No original creativity
. Better decision-making . No out-of-box thinking
. High reliability . No feelings and emotions
. Day-night working . Dependency on machines
. Dealing with complexities
. Working in risky areas
. Optimization of resources
.Digital assistant